{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T14:08:00Z","timestamp":1779286080126,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trauma is an important risk factor for the development of nosocomial infections. Immunological consequences of trauma in paediatric patients remains scarcely explored and associations between injury severity and immunosuppression, a decreased functionality of the immune system, have not yet been investigated in this population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterise the early effects of trauma and trauma severity on paediatric immune function, and to assess whether immune profiles differed between polytrauma patients who developed nosocomial infections and those who experienced an uncomplicated recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective explorative cohort study was conducted at Radboud University Medical Center between January 2024 and June 2025. Three groups were included: controls (n=10), monotrauma patients (single fracture requiring acute surgery, n=9), and polytrauma patients (Injury Severity Score \u2265 16, n=10) aged 4\u201316 years. Immune function was assessed using blood samples at three timepoints: at the trauma scene (HEMS), at the emergency room (ER), and on post-injury day 1 (PID1). Immune outcomes included immune cell counts and functionality, plasma concentrations of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cytokines, and\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytokine production capacity upon whole blood stimulation with an endotoxin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inflammatory biomarkers were elevated already at the trauma scene, followed by compensatory mechanisms. Immunosuppression was already detected in the ER. Immune trajectories differed between poly- and monotrauma patients, with the latter showing a milder response. Polytrauma patients who developed nosocomial infections exhibited more profound immunosuppression. Immunosuppression was at least partially reversible\n                      <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      by co-stimulation with interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paediatric traumatic injury rapidly elicits a robust immune response, particularly in cases of polytrauma, alongside compensatory mechanisms. Children who developed nosocomial infections showed more pronounced immunosuppression, which might be partially reversed with IFN-\u03b3. Given the small sample size, these exploratory findings should be interpreted cautiously. Early immune monitoring may help identify paediatric trauma patients at increased infection risk who might benefit from immunomodulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical Ethics Review Committee \u2018METC Oost-Nederland\u2019, file number 2023-16883.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1814648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:20:54Z","timestamp":1779283254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune function in paediatric trauma patients: a prospective explorative cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lotte M. C.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"Vaneker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demi","family":"van Dalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip P.","family":"Horsting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sint Maartenskliniek","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geert-Jan","family":"van Geffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freek","family":"Coumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helicopter Emergency Medical Service, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manouk","family":"Backes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas T. 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