{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:26:47Z","timestamp":1788848807914,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Periodontitis is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet the mechanisms linking\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Pg) to placental immune dysregulation remain unclear. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) derived from this pathogen act as systemic virulence mediators, but their impact on maternal\u2013fetal immune tolerance is unknown. Dendritic cells play a central role in integrating trophoblast-derived signals to maintain immune homeostasis during early pregnancy; therefore, we investigated whether PgOMV reprogram trophoblast immunomodulatory function and thereby affect monocyte recruitment and dendritic cell differentiation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      First-trimester trophoblast cell line was exposed to PgOMV, and conditioned media were used to evaluate monocyte migration and dendritic cell differentiation\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PgOMV priming increased granulocyte\u2013macrophage colony-stimulating factor and C\u2013C motif chemokine ligand 2 expression and enhanced monocyte migration. While Tb CM  impaired monocyte-to-dendritic cell differentiation and promoted a tolerogenic phenotype characterized by low CD86 expression, increased interleukin-10 production and a higher IL-10\/TNF-\u03b1 ratio, PgOMV exposure abrogated this regulatory program and restored inflammatory maturation, including responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that PgOMV reprogram trophoblast secretory activity, disrupt tolerogenic dendritic cell differentiation and provide a mechanistic link between periodontal infection and impaired immune regulation during pregnancy<\/jats:p>\n                  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