{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:47:21Z","timestamp":1793274441248,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long coronavirus disease 2019 (Long COVID-19), also referred to as post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has emerged as a major global health challenge. Common manifestations include fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, and exercise intolerance. Beyond these systemic manifestations, the enduring cardiovascular manifestations are increasingly identified as core characteristics of Long COVID-19 syndromes secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, encompassing myocarditis, ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart failure, and thrombotic events. Accumulating evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and persistent inflammation are central drivers of cardiovascular injury in Long COVID. Persistent activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways fosters endothelial injury, thrombo-inflammation, and adverse myocardial remodeling. In this review, we focus on current clinical and experimental evidence to delineate the immune-mediated mechanisms underlying cardiovascular sequelae in Long COVID and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting persistent inflammation and immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1815269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:45:17Z","timestamp":1781671517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular sequelae of Long COVID: immune dysregulation inflammation as central drivers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, Southeast University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Azab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Women and Children\u2019s Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology","place":["Aden, Yemen"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmi","family":"Shaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology","place":["Aden, Yemen"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Big Data Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Joint International Research Laboratory of Respiratory Health, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Respiratory Medicine, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","article-title":"Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults","volume":"28","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01702-2","article-title":"How common is long COVID? 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