{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:13:50Z","timestamp":1788401630270,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007013","name":"F. Hoffmann-La Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with cancer are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 but were underrepresented in pivotal vaccine trials. Data on the magnitude and determinants of immune responses to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in this population remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>I-SPARC is a prospective, phase IV clinical trial evaluating humoral and cellular immune responses to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 115 patients with cancer, including those receiving systemic therapy and those in remission. Anti-Spike antibody titers were measured longitudinally, and immunophenotyping was performed to assess T and B cell subsets. Clinical outcomes, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients developed detectable anti-Spike antibodies, although absolute titers varied by cancer type and treatment. Patients with hematologic malignancies and\/or receiving chemotherapy had the lowest anti-Spike antibody levels. Booster doses significantly increased titers, particularly in patients in remission or receiving non-cytotoxic therapies. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and the number of vaccine doses were associated with better responses. Immunophenotyping confirmed vaccine-induced expansion of memory T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 16% of our cohort, with infrequent severe cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with cancer, despite variability according to disease type and treatment. These findings support the use of booster strategies and provide a rationale for tailored vaccination approaches in immunocompromised populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1815933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:52:00Z","timestamp":1779274320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term immune response to mRNA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soraia","family":"Lobo-Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Trials Promoting Team (ATPT), H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)","place":["Brussels, 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