{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:00:58Z","timestamp":1777028458577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Good\u2019s syndrome (GS) is a rare acquired immunodeficiency defined by the co-occurrence of thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a specialized CD4+ T cell subset, play a critical role in supporting B-cell antibody production. The status and characteristics of Tfh cells in GS, however, remain largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study utilized flow cytometry to analyze CD4+CXCR5+ T cells, along with Tfh1 (CXCR3+CCR6\u2212), Tfh2 (CXCR3\u2212CCR6\u2212), and Tfh17 (CXCR3\u2212CCR6+) subsets, in three GS patients compared to twenty healthy controls (HCs). Serum levels of Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokines were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort included a 45-year-old female and a 70-year-old female, both with type AB thymoma, and a 47-year-old male with type A thymoma. All patients exhibited markedly reduced serum IgG levels (0.87 g\/L, 1.44 g\/L, 3.0 g\/L) and a profound reduction or absence of peripheral B cells (0%, 0%, 3.7%). The proportions of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and total Tfh cells in two patients (Cases 1 &amp;amp; 2) were comparable to HCs, while a significant increase was noted in the third patient (Case 3). A key finding was a consistent and drastic reduction in CXCR3+CCR6\u2212 Tfh1 cells across all patients, whereas Tfh2 cell frequencies were significantly elevated. Tfh17 cell percentages and Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokine profiles showed no significant alterations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings reveal, for the first time, a pronounced decrease in circulating CXCR3+ Tfh1 cells in GS patients, suggesting a potential role for this specific immune imbalance in the disease\u2019s immunopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1816407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1776918140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Significant decreased CXCR3+ phenotype Tfh1 cells in three Good\u2019s syndrome patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yanxia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyao","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University","place":["Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13216","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of seventy-eight UK patients with Good\u2019s syndrome (thymoma and hypogammaglobulinaemia)","volume":"195","author":"Zaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.04.003","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T cells 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