{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:45:20Z","timestamp":1776840320202,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monospecific Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy against hematological malignancies targeting specific tumor-associated antigen (TAA) has gained clinical success in recent years. Despite their clinical outcomes, challenges including antigen escape, time and labor-intensive manufacturing process, and diminished efficacy especially against solid tumors persist. While allogeneic monospecific \u201coff-the-shelf\u201d CAR T cell therapy from healthy donors with knockout of alloreactive genes using gene editing tools such as CRISPR\/Cas9 or TALEN has been evaluated to overcome manufacturing challenges, these allogeneic CAR T cells still face antigen escape. As such, adapter-based CAR T cells that can be redirected by small-molecule adapters to target multiple TAAs have emerged as an alternative therapeutic platform to overcome antigen escape. However, autologous adapter-based CAR T cell manufacturing remains time and labor intensive and scales poorly. Furthermore, chemotherapy-induced T cell dysfunction may compromise both manufacturing and efficacy of autologous CAR T cells. In this comprehensive review, we highlight advantages and limitations of the adapter-based CAR T platform and discuss how allogeneic manufacturing can be applied to adapter-based CAR T as a potential \u201coff-the-shelf\u201d therapeutic for treating multiple cancer types and overcome antigen escape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1822583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1776836878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adapter-based allogeneic CAR T cells to overcome antigen escape in solid tumors"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Phuc Q.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, WI, United States"]},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of 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