{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:22:39Z","timestamp":1791638559548,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults that fails to meet survival endpoint criteria in current immunotherapy Phase III clinical trials. As a small subset of immunotherapy-responsive patients has been identified, biomarkers that can nominate patients for immunotherapy and inform treatment combinations have been increasingly urgent. Mechanistically-driven single biomarkers (e.g. PD-1\/PD-L1 enrichment, tumor mutational burden, and\n                    <jats:italic>MGMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    methylation) are early opportunities for immunotherapy response prediction but have had inconsistent results across studies. In contrast, new context-dependent biomarker signals such as interferon signaling, immune cell population studies, and radiographic biomarkers show promise in vaccine-based therapies and in immune checkpoint blockade. Ongoing clinical trials are increasingly implementing early exploratory endpoints for biomarker discovery from several body compartments (e.g. CSF, blood, tissue). Present advancements in machine learning and liquid biopsy have provided nuanced biomarker signatures that can be composed of several biomarker categories. Progress in standardizing biomarkers in glioblastoma immunotherapy relies on the early implementation and uniformity of biomarker-driven endpoints in clinical trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1823338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:31:20Z","timestamp":1777959080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biomarkers for predicting immunotherapy response and resistance in glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City","place":["Kansas City, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Abikenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Bergsneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa106","article-title":"Glioblastoma in adults: a Society for Neuro-Oncology (SNO) and european society of neuro-oncology (EANO) consensus review on current management and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17111881","article-title":"The metabolic orchestration of immune evasion in glioblastoma: from molecular perspectives to therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"17","author":"Medikonda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/glioma.glioma_4_24","article-title":"Revisiting glioblastoma classification through an immunological lens: a narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Abikenari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glioma"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2025.1723329","article-title":"Molecular and biophysical remodeling of the blood\u2013brain barrier in glioblastoma: mechanistic drivers of tumor\u2013neurovascular crosstalk","volume":"13","author":"Abikenari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05347-9","article-title":"Adaptive immunotherapeutic paradigms in diffuse midline glioma: integrating epigenetic reprogramming, neuron\u2013glioma interactions, and tumor microenvironment modulation","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02364-y","article-title":"Cancer neuroscience: signaling pathways and new therapeutic strategies for cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0003-5","article-title":"Current state of immunotherapy for glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02299-4","article-title":"Glioblastoma at the crossroads: current understanding and future therapeutic horizons","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.823618","article-title":"Immunotherapy in lung cancer: current landscape and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Mamdani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041106","article-title":"Immunotherapy in melanoma: recent advances and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Knight","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.12.025","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 blockade and stereotactic radiation produce long-term survival in mice with intracranial gliomas","volume":"86","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03512-1","article-title":"Neoadjuvant triplet immune checkpoint blockade in newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv5","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now188.015","article-title":"OS2.5\u2002Long term remission\/survival over 8 years in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) treated with ICT-107 dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (phase I)","volume":"18","author":"Phuphanich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.66.6552","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition for hypermutant glioblastoma multiforme resulting from germline biallelic mismatch repair deficiency","volume":"34","author":"Bouffet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0575","article-title":"Immunogenomics of hypermutated glioblastoma: a patient with germline POLE deficiency treated with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Johanns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/po.21.00153","article-title":"Upfront adjuvant immunotherapy approach for replication repair deficient pediatric glioblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Larkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.16370","article-title":"Case report: response to pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma with high TMB\/dMMR","volume":"116","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01226-x","article-title":"Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac116","article-title":"Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide plus nivolumab or placebo for newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter","volume":"24","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-20-2500","article-title":"Randomized phase II and biomarker study of pembrolizumab plus bevacizumab versus pembrolizumab alone for patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Nayak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20469-6","article-title":"Very low mutation burden is a feature of inflamed recurrent glioblastomas responsive to cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Gromeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0349-y","article-title":"Immune and genomic correlates of response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2022.101607","article-title":"Differential roles of type I interferon signaling in tumor versus host cells in experimental glioma models","volume":"28","author":"Blomberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0337-7","article-title":"Neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy promotes a survival benefit with intratumoral and systemic immune responses in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Cloughesy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07385","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways","volume":"455","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn9440","article-title":"Immunotherapy of glioblastoma explants induces interferon-\u03b3 responses and spatial immune cell rearrangements in tumor center, but not periphery","volume":"8","author":"Shekarian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy033","article-title":"Constitutive interferon pathway activation in tumors as an efficacy determinant following oncolytic virotherapy","volume":"110","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.5370","article-title":"Association of autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccination with extension of survival among patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma: A phase 3 prospective externally controlled cohort trial","volume":"9","author":"Liau","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1202-z","article-title":"A phase II trial of autologous dendritic cell vaccination and radiochemotherapy following fluorescence-guided surgery in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients","volume":"15","author":"Inog\u00e9s","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0261","article-title":"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase II trial of dendritic cell vaccine ICT-107 in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0621-2","article-title":"Immunological analysis of phase II glioblastoma dendritic cell vaccine (Audencel) trial: immune system characteristics influence outcome and Audencel up-regulates Th1-related immunovariables","volume":"6","author":"Erhart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00727","article-title":"Predictors of response to autologous dendritic cell therapy in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"9","author":"Jan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032614","article-title":"Monitoring of regulatory T cell frequencies and expression of CTLA-4 on T cells, before and after DC vaccination, can predict survival in GBM patients","volume":"7","author":"Fong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1369","article-title":"Autologous heat shock protein peptide vaccination for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: Impact of peripheral PD-L1 expression on response to therapy","volume":"23","author":"Bloch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99145","article-title":"Heat shock protein peptide complex-96 vaccination for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a phase I, single-arm trial","volume":"3","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1749476","article-title":"T cell receptor repertoire as a prognosis marker for heat shock protein peptide complex-96 vaccine trial against newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.865779","article-title":"Low MxA expression predicts better immunotherapeutic outcomes in glioblastoma patients receiving heat shock protein peptide complex 96 vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-010-0265-9","article-title":"Prognostic value of WT1 protein expression level and MIB-1 staining index as predictor of response to WT1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma patients","volume":"27","author":"Chiba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2015-0008","article-title":"Syndecan-4 as a biomarker to predict clinical outcome for glioblastoma multiforme treated with WT1 peptide vaccine","volume":"2","author":"Takashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00600-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: a challenge and an opportunity","volume":"8","author":"Chandran","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Onc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22048","article-title":"Public data and the public\u2019s health","volume":"8","author":"Carey","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2012.11.013","article-title":"MR susceptibility imaging","volume":"229","author":"Duyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00789-y","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of myeloid cells in glioblastoma across species and disease stage reveals macrophage competition and specialization","volume":"24","author":"Pombo Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npae028","article-title":"Biomarkers of immunotherapy in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Savage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Pract"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989","article-title":"Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework","volume":"69","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and Other Tools) Resource","year":"2016"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-03-0785","article-title":"Rationale for biomarkers and surrogate end points in mechanism-driven oncology drug development","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2011.121","article-title":"Predictive biomarkers: a paradigm shift towards personalized cancer medicine","volume":"8","author":"La Thangue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01059","article-title":"RANO 2.0: update to the response assessment in neuro-oncology criteria for high- and low-grade gliomas in adults","volume":"41","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.06.018","article-title":"The kynurenine to tryptophan ratio as a prognostic tool for glioblastoma patients enrolling in immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2397","article-title":"Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse: imaging challenges in the assessment of posttreatment glioma","volume":"32","author":"Hygino da Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1446-0","article-title":"The role of imaging in the management of progressive glioblastoma: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline","volume":"118","author":"Ryken","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000348","article-title":"Biomarkers for immunotherapy for treatment of glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Lynes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-3232","article-title":"Why your new cancer biomarker may never work: recurrent patterns and remarkable diversity in biomarker failures","volume":"72","author":"Kern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-87","article-title":"The failure of protein cancer biomarkers to reach the clinic: why, and what can be done to address the problem","volume":"10","author":"Diamandis","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh056","article-title":"Analysis of serum proteomic patterns for early cancer diagnosis: drawing attention to potential problems","volume":"96","author":"Diamandis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17520363.1.3.419","article-title":"Assessing the clinical utility of biomarkers in medicine","volume":"1","author":"Parikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"biomark Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0179-0","article-title":"Validation of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy in cancer: volume II\u2014clinical validation and regulatory considerations","volume":"4","author":"Dobbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-012-9507-z","article-title":"Systematic, evidence-based discovery of biomarkers at the NCI","volume":"29","author":"Prensner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn326","article-title":"Pivotal evaluation of the accuracy of a biomarker used for classification or prediction: standards for study design","volume":"100","author":"Pepe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.3701","article-title":"Clinical trial designs for predictive biomarker validation: theoretical considerations and practical challenges","volume":"27","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy088","article-title":"Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK): an abridged explanation and elaboration","volume":"110","author":"Sauerbrei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0240","article-title":"Adding rigor to biomarker evaluations\u2014EDRN experience","volume":"29","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox208","article-title":"Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: results from exploratory phase I cohorts of CheckMate 143","volume":"20","author":"Omuro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33378","article-title":"Treatment with pembrolizumab in programmed death ligand 1\u2013positive recurrent glioblastoma: results from the multicohort phase 1 KEYNOTE-028 trial","volume":"127","author":"Reardon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14081940","article-title":"Emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Mensali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3247","article-title":"Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi- analyte blood test","volume":"359","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254257","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq highlights intratumoral heterogeneity in primary glioblastoma","volume":"344","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030309","article-title":"Decoding glioblastoma through liquid biopsy: molecular insights and clinical prospects","volume":"15","author":"Wasiak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13085","article-title":"Prediction of the efficacy of immunotherapy by measuring the integrity of cell-free DNA in plasma in colorectal cancer","volume":"107","author":"Kitahara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B73","article-title":"A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death","volume":"14","author":"Ashworth","year":"1869","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.07.001","article-title":"Circulating tumour cells in cancer patients: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Pantel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa322","article-title":"Proficiency testing to assess technical performance for CTC-processing and detection methods in CANCER-ID","volume":"67","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox085","article-title":"Detection of wtEGFR amplification and EGFRvIII mutation in CSF-derived extracellular vesicles of glioblastoma patients","volume":"19","author":"Figueroa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vii155","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac209.597","article-title":"Path-24. Accurate identification of glial Malignancies from peripheral blood","volume":"24","author":"Anichini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202000029","article-title":"Liquid biopsy strategies to distinguish progression from pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis in glioblastomas","volume":"4","author":"Yekula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Biosyst"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17162700","article-title":"The quest for non-invasive diagnosis: A review of liquid biopsy in glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Elias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad195","article-title":"The coming of age of liquid biopsy in neuro-oncology","volume":"146","author":"Berzero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy392","article-title":"Cytokine microdialysis for real-time immune monitoring in glioblastoma patients undergoing checkpoint blockade","volume":"84","author":"Lynes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02548-9","article-title":"Glioblastoma biomarkers in urinary extracellular vesicles reveal the potential for a \u2018liquid gold\u2019 biopsy","volume":"130","author":"Hallal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac004","article-title":"Liquid biopsy in gliomas: A RANO review and proposals for clinical applications","volume":"24","author":"Soffietti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0433-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance: Lessons from glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219747110","article-title":"Intratumor heterogeneity in human glioblastoma reflects cancer evolutionary dynamics","volume":"110","author":"Sottoriva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae019","article-title":"Long-term survivors of glioblastoma: Tumor molecular, clinical, and imaging findings","volume":"6","author":"Brice\u00f1o","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00188","article-title":"Role of biomarkers in the clinical management of glioblastomas: What are the barriers and how can we overcome them","volume":"3","author":"McDonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.180612.114","article-title":"Whole-genome and multisector exome sequencing of primary and post-treatment glioblastoma reveals patterns of tumor evolution","volume":"25","author":"Brice\u00f1o","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0984","article-title":"A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118927","article-title":"Mechanism of dexamethasone suppression of brain tumor-associated vascular permeability in rats. Involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor and vascular permeability factor","volume":"98","author":"Heiss","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0774","article-title":"Immunosuppression in patients with high-grade gliomas treated with radiation and temozolomide","volume":"17","author":"Grossman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/1044-7431(92)90008-p","article-title":"Increased sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to interleukin 1 after long-term incubation with dexamethasone","volume":"3","author":"Gottschall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-20-3262","article-title":"Preclinical modeling of surgery and steroid therapy for glioblastoma reveals changes in immunophenotype that are associated with tumor growth and outcome","volume":"27","author":"Otvos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2017.1358839","article-title":"In-depth immunophenotyping of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: Impact of steroid treatment","volume":"6","author":"Chitadze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2291","article-title":"Concurrent dexamethasone limits the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Iorgulescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox036.071","article-title":"Effect of nivolumab vs bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: The CheckMate 143 phase 3 randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Reardon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy002","article-title":"Females have the survival advantage in glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Ostrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac082","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of the immune system predicts clinical outcomes in glioblastoma immunotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shireman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Adv"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npre.2008.2690.1","article-title":"Stronger inflammatory\/cytotoxic T cell response in women identified by microarray analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hewagama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/814598","article-title":"Gender differences of B cell signature in healthy subjects underlie disparities in incidence and course of SLE related to Estrogen","volume":"2014","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0075-9","article-title":"Sex impacts Th1 cells, Tregs, and DCs in both intestinal and systemic immunity in a mouse strain and location-dependent manner","volume":"7","author":"Elderman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"B102","article-title":"CD4+CD25(hi) regulatory T cells in healthy males and females mediate gender difference in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases","volume":"58","author":"Afshan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0869","article-title":"Sex-biased T-cell exhaustion drives differential immune responses in glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa148","article-title":"JAM-A functions as a female microglial tumor suppressor in glioblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Turaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.12.008","article-title":"Understanding preanalytical variables and their effects on clinical biomarkers of oncology and immunotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Agrawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0178-1","article-title":"Validation of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy in cancer: Volume I - pre-analytical and analytical validation","volume":"4","author":"Masucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802231163332","article-title":"Design and analysis of factorial clinical trials: The impact of one treatment's effectiveness on the statistical power and required sample size of the other","volume":"32","author":"Walter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2019.09.002","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors win the 2018 Nobel Prize","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed J"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.36","article-title":"Mechanism-driven biomarkers to guide immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Topalian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.20.00150","article-title":"Meta-analysis of PD-L1 expression as a predictor of survival after checkpoint blockade","volume":"4","author":"Arf\u00e8","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou307","article-title":"Programmed death ligand 1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Berghoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2014.12.004","article-title":"Biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Schumacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.27817","article-title":"Exomics and immunogenics: Bridging mutational load and immune checkpoints efficacy","volume":"3","author":"Champiat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00438-0","article-title":"TMB \u2014 a histology-agnostic predictor of the efficacy of ICIs","volume":"17","author":"Killock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18514-5","article-title":"The shared frameshift mutation landscape of microsatellite-unstable cancers suggests immunoediting during tumor evolution","volume":"11","author":"Ballhausen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox026","article-title":"Mutational burden, immune checkpoint expression, and mismatch repair in glioma: Implications for immune checkpoint immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Hodges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082283","article-title":"Pembrolizumab activity in recurrent high-grade gliomas with partial or complete loss of mismatch repair protein expression: A monocentric, observational and prospective pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Lombardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-21-4064","article-title":"Circulating immune cell and outcome analysis from the phase II study of PD-L1 blockade with durvalumab for newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"28","author":"Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2020.100901","article-title":"MAPK pathway: Potential role in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"23","author":"Krishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36922\/mi.5075","article-title":"Navigating glioblastoma therapy: A narrative review of emerging immunotherapeutics and small-molecule inhibitors","volume":"2","author":"Abikenari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Innov Med Omics"},{"key":"B121","volume-title":"World Health Organization Histological Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System","author":"Louis","year":"2016"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12295","article-title":"Epithelioid glioblastomas and anaplastic epithelioid pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas \u2010 same entity or first cousins","volume":"26","author":"Alexandrescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31827f9c5e","article-title":"Epithelioid GBMs show a high percentage of BRAF V600E mutation","volume":"37","author":"Kleinschmidt-Demasters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000363","article-title":"BRAF VE1 immunoreactivity patterns in epithelioid glioblastomas positive for BRAF V600E mutation","volume":"39","author":"Kleinschmidt-Demasters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23899","article-title":"Epithelial and pseudoepithelial differentiation in glioblastoma and gliosarcoma: a comparative morphologic and molecular genetic study","volume":"113","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.11.612571","article-title":"MAPK\/ERK signaling in gliomas modulates interferon responses, T cell recruitment, microglia phenotype, and immune checkpoint blockade efficacy","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Kim","year":"2024"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00260-2","article-title":"ERK1\/2 phosphorylation predicts survival following anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"2","author":"Arrieta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-1889","article-title":"ERK1\/2 phosphorylation predicts survival in recurrent glioblastoma following intracerebral and adjuvant PD-1\/CTLA-4 immunotherapy: A REMARK-guided analysis","volume":"30","author":"Arrieta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v16.i4.112768","article-title":"Interferon-gamma signaling pathway: Modulation of key genes in the progression of glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Oropeza-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1604","article-title":"Mechanisms of type-I- and type-II-interferon-mediated signalling","volume":"5","author":"Platanias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3133","article-title":"Immunomodulatory functions of type I interferons","volume":"12","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Navajas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01478.x","article-title":"Induction of type I interferons by bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Monroe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101664","article-title":"Type I interferon: friend or foe","volume":"207","author":"Trinchieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.78","article-title":"Activating and inhibitory receptors of natural killer cells","volume":"89","author":"Pegram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00694","article-title":"STATs in NK-cells: The good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"7","author":"Gotthardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02061","article-title":"The dual nature of type I and type II interferons","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ups and downs: the STAT1:STAT3 seesaw of interferon and gp130 receptor signalling","volume":"19","author":"Regis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400656","article-title":"Opposing actions of STAT-1 and STAT-3 on the Bcl-2 and Bcl-x promoters","volume":"7","author":"Stephanou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.02404-06","article-title":"Constitutively activated Stat3 induces tumorigenesis and enhances cell motility of prostate epithelial cells through integrin \u03b26","volume":"27","author":"Azare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404100101","article-title":"Requirement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for the transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by Stat3-C","volume":"101","author":"Dechow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323253111","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 protects tumor cells from ionizing radiation","volume":"111","author":"Widau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903487106","article-title":"Unphosphorylated STAT1 prolongs the expression of interferon-induced immune regulatory genes","volume":"106","author":"Cheon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.203","article-title":"IFN\u03b2-dependent increases in STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 mediate resistance to viruses and DNA damage","volume":"32","author":"Cheon","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.289769.116","article-title":"A prosurvival DNA damage-induced cytoplasmic interferon response is mediated by end resection factors and is limited by Trex1","volume":"31","author":"Erdal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.01.012","article-title":"DNA damage primes the type I interferon system via the cytosolic DNA sensor STING to promote anti-microbial innate immunity","volume":"42","author":"H\u00e4rtlova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1700","article-title":"Interferon gamma in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113683","article-title":"Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and IFN-\u03b3 receptor 1\/2 (IFN\u03b3R1\/2) in regulation of immunity, infection, and cancer development: IFN-\u03b3-dependent or independent pathway","volume":"155","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.09.007","article-title":"Interferons and the immunogenic effects of cancer therapy","volume":"36","author":"Minn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.12.093","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor-1 is prerequisite to the constitutive expression and IFN-gamma-induced upregulation of B7-H1 (CD274)","volume":"580","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-09062-4","article-title":"Upregulation of the canonical signaling pathway of interferon-gamma is associated with glioblastoma progression","volume":"51","author":"Zamora-Salas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0711","article-title":"IRF1 inhibits antitumor immunity through the upregulation of PD-L1 in the tumor cell","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf107","article-title":"Therapy-induced senescent glioblastoma cells sustain a procancer immune microenvironment by activating DDX58-mediated STAT1 signaling","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac017","article-title":"Superinduction of immunosuppressive glioblastoma extracellular vesicles by IFN-\u03b3 through PD-L1 and IDO1","volume":"4","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54326-7","article-title":"Neoadjuvant anti-PD1 immunotherapy for surgically accessible recurrent glioblastoma: clinical and molecular outcomes of a stage 2 single-arm expansion cohort","volume":"15","author":"McFaline-Figueroa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01398-3","article-title":"An ex vivo tumor fragment platform to dissect response to PD-1 blockade in cancer","volume":"27","author":"Voabil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-1986","article-title":"Identification of an IFN-\u03b2-associated gene signature for the prediction of overall survival among glioblastoma patients","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56930-7","article-title":"Improved overall survival in an anti-PD-L1 treated cohort of newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients is associated with distinct immune, mutation, and gut microbiome features: a single arm prospective phase I\/II trial","volume":"16","author":"Weathers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24293-4","article-title":"Resolution of tissue signatures of therapy response in patients with recurrent GBM treated with neoadjuvant anti-PD1","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02347-y","article-title":"Oncolytic DNX-2401 virotherapy plus pembrolizumab in recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"29","author":"Nassiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.09.034","article-title":"The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma","volume":"155","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03381-y","article-title":"Using EGFR amplification to stratify recurrent glioblastoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"72","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00217","article-title":"Microglial stimulation of glioblastoma invasion involves epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling","volume":"18","author":"Coniglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01215-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals evolution of immune landscape during glioblastoma progression","volume":"23","author":"Yeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B164","article-title":"EGFR: An essential receptor tyrosine kinase-regulator of cancer stem cells","volume":"147","author":"Talukdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.318","article-title":"Glioblastoma, hypoxia and autophagy: a survival-prone \u2018menage-a-trois\u2019","volume":"7","author":"Jawhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-13-0879","article-title":"EGFR variant heterogeneity in glioblastoma resolved through single-nucleus sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Francis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.11.005","article-title":"Mosaic amplification of multiple receptor tyrosine kinase genes in glioblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Snuderl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.023","article-title":"Glioblastomas acquire myeloid-affiliated transcriptional programs via epigenetic immunoediting to elicit immune evasion","volume":"184","author":"Gangoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3918","article-title":"Heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling networks in glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Furnari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac002","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of associations between clinical sequencing and outcome in glioblastoma","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.10.102","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the prognostic significance of IDH, TERT, EGFR and MGMT status in patients with adult non-H3-altered grade 4 gliomas: A prospective cohort study","volume":"181","author":"Alimohamadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083539","article-title":"The prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor amplification and epidermal growth factor receptor variant III mutation in glioblastoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis with implications for targeted therapy","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03102-5","article-title":"EGFR amplification and classical subtype are associated with a poor response to bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"142","author":"Hovinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.c.6597334.v2","article-title":"Driver mutations dictate the immunological landscape and response to checkpoint immunotherapy of glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Yeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030760","article-title":"Plasma nanoDSF denaturation profile at baseline is predictive of glioblastoma EGFR status","volume":"15","author":"Eyraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox085","article-title":"Detection of wild-type EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII mutation in CSF-derived extracellular vesicles of glioblastoma patients","volume":"19","author":"Figueroa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06225-y","article-title":"Practical recommendations for using ctDNA in clinical decision making","volume":"619","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02445-1","article-title":"Molecular response assessment using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in advanced solid tumors","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05997-8","article-title":"Dynamics of tumor in situ fluid circulating tumor DNA in recurrent glioblastomas forecasts treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade coupled with low-dose bevacizumab","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0603-6","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"122","author":"M\u00fcller Bark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03774-7","article-title":"Predicting recurrent glioblastoma clinical outcome to immune checkpoint inhibition and low-dose bevacizumab with tumor in situ fluid circulating tumor DNA analysis","volume":"73","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0029-0","article-title":"Optimizing oncolytic virotherapy in cancer treatment","volume":"18","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy170","article-title":"Viral and other therapies for recurrent glioblastoma: Is a 24-month durable response unusual","volume":"21","author":"Chiocca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.8219","article-title":"Phase I study of DNX-2401 (delta-24-RGD) oncolytic adenovirus: Replication and immunotherapeutic effects in recurrent Malignant glioma","volume":"36","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy075","article-title":"Durable complete responses in some recurrent high-grade glioma patients treated with Toca 511 + Toca FC","volume":"20","author":"Cloughesy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716435","article-title":"Recurrent glioblastoma treated with recombinant poliovirus","volume":"379","author":"Desjardins","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x","article-title":"Intratumoral oncolytic herpes virus G47\u0394 for residual or recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 2 trial","volume":"28","author":"Todo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.3161","article-title":"Effect of vocimagene amiretrorepvec in combination with flucytosine vs standard of care on survival following tumor resection in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Cloughesy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0536","article-title":"Molecular and immunologic signatures are related to clinical benefit from treatment with vocimagene amiretrorepvec (Toca 511) and 5-fluorocytosine (Toca FC) in patients with glioma","volume":"26","author":"Accomando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.6.1115","article-title":"Treatment of intracranial gliomas with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens","volume":"90","author":"Liau","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.08.020","article-title":"Adjuvant immunotherapy with whole-cell lysate dendritic cells vaccine for glioblastoma multiforme: A phase II clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-011-9265-6","article-title":"Clinical application of a dendritic cell vaccine raised against heat-shocked glioblastoma","volume":"62","author":"Jie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10100372","article-title":"Audencel immunotherapy based on dendritic cells has no effect on overall and progression-free survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: A phase II randomized trial","volume":"10","author":"Buchroithner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-018-2232-y","article-title":"Molecular subgroups and B7-H4 expression levels predict responses to dendritic cell vaccines in glioblastoma: An exploratory randomized phase II clinical trial","volume":"67","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-012-1261-1","article-title":"Integration of autologous dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in the standard of care treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma: results of the HGG-2006 phase I\/II trial","volume":"61","author":"Ardon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1412901","article-title":"Survival gain in glioblastoma patients treated with dendritic cell immunotherapy is associated with increased NK but not CD8+ T cell activation in the presence of adjuvant temozolomide","volume":"7","author":"Pellegatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2867","article-title":"A phase I study of autologous dendritic cell vaccine pulsed with allogeneic stem-like cell line lysate in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3182811ae4","article-title":"Comparison of glioma-associated antigen peptide-loaded versus autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccination in Malignant glioma patients","volume":"36","author":"Prins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-1426-2-10","article-title":"Cytokine responsiveness of CD8(+) T cells is a reproducible biomarker for the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients","volume":"2","author":"Everson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-019-0149-x","article-title":"Combined proteomics\/miRNomics of dendritic cell immunotherapy-treated glioblastoma patients as a screening for survival-associated factors","volume":"5","author":"Erhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01221-x","article-title":"Recent developments in peptide vaccines against glioblastoma, a review and update","volume":"18","author":"Salahlou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7545313","article-title":"A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides","volume":"269","author":"Suto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.64","article-title":"Vaccine-based immunotherapeutic approaches to gliomas and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Weller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3358","article-title":"Individual patient-specific immunity against high-grade glioma after vaccination with autologous tumor derived peptides bound to the 96 KD chaperone protein","volume":"19","author":"Crane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not203","article-title":"Heat-shock protein peptide complex-96 vaccination for recurrent glioblastoma: a phase II, single-arm trial","volume":"16","author":"Bloch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-oncology"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12074","article-title":"T-cell receptor repertoire analysis for the diagnosis and treatment of solid tumor: A methodology and clinical applications","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Commun (Lond)"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox051","article-title":"Autocrine activation of the IFN signaling pathway may promote immune escape in glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Silginer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2010.0076","article-title":"Human MxA protein: An interferon-induced dynamin-like GTPase with broad antiviral activity","volume":"31","author":"Haller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30651-9_10","article-title":"STAT signaling in glioma cells","volume":"1202","author":"Swiatek-MaChado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/5\/0963","article-title":"Phase II clinical trial of Wilms tumor 1 peptide vaccination for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"108","author":"Izumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51315-8","article-title":"A real-world observation of patients with glioblastoma treated with a personalized peptide vaccine","volume":"15","author":"Latzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-0559","article-title":"Immunologic evaluation of personalized peptide vaccination for patients with advanced Malignant glioma","volume":"11","author":"Yajima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.29.7499","article-title":"Phase I trial of a personalized peptide vaccine for patients positive for human leukocyte antigen--A24 with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"29","author":"Terasaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.799662","article-title":"Imaging biomarkers of glioblastoma treatment response: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent machine learning studies","volume":"12","author":"Booth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.26.3541","article-title":"Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group","volume":"28","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab276","article-title":"Diffusion MRI is an early biomarker of overall survival benefit in IDH wild-type recurrent glioblastoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-03947-3","article-title":"MR susceptibility imaging for detection of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma","volume":"156","author":"Nazem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00549","article-title":"Iron in the tumor microenvironment-connecting the dots","volume":"8","author":"Pfeifhofer-Obermair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939889","article-title":"Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation","volume":"40","author":"Recalcati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2015.04.019","article-title":"Radiogenomics: what it is and why it is important","volume":"12","author":"Mazurowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030402","article-title":"Radiogenomic predictors of recurrence in glioblastoma-a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Corr","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae055","article-title":"Radiogenomic biomarkers for immunotherapy in glioblastoma: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"6","author":"Ghimire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Adv"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34242-9","article-title":"Radiogenomics profiling for glioblastoma-related immune cells reveals CD49d expression correlation with MRI parameters and prognosis","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3581","article-title":"History of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"13","author":"Talmadge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"141","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02836-w","article-title":"Absolute quantification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in high-grade glioma identifies prognostic and radiomics values","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20643","article-title":"Tumor image-derived texture features are associated with CD3 T-cell infiltration status in glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Narang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1130","article-title":"Clinical biomarkers in drug discovery and development","volume":"2","author":"Frank","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05170-2","article-title":"Emerging trends in cell-based therapies: contemporary advances and ethical considerations in translational neurosurgical oncology","volume":"175","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35935","article-title":"Top advances of the year: The status of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in neuro-oncology","volume":"131","author":"Medikonda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12756","article-title":"Open data revolution in clinical research: opportunities and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Shahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.12.020","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1","volume":"17","author":"Verhaak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15223","article-title":"PTEN regulates glioblastoma oncogenesis through chromatin-associated complexes of DAXX and histone H3.3","volume":"8","author":"Benitez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-21-0891","article-title":"The Tumor Immune Syngeneic MOuse (TISMO) database: a resource for investigating immunotherapy response in syngeneic mouse tumor models","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2264325","article-title":"Independent prognostic biomarker FERMT3 associated with immune infiltration and immunotherapy response in glioma","volume":"55","author":"Zhuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1921","article-title":"Kindlin-3 is required for beta2 integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Moser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1931","article-title":"Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III is caused by mutations in KINDLIN3 affecting integrin activation","volume":"15","author":"Svensson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1105489","article-title":"Functional characterization of TSPAN7 as a novel indicator for immunotherapy in glioma","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600755RR","article-title":"Functional expression of dopamine D2 receptor is regulated by tetraspanin 7-mediated postendocytic trafficking","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.021","article-title":"The X-linked intellectual disability protein TSPAN7 regulates excitatory synapse development and AMPAR trafficking","volume":"73","author":"Bassani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.70038","article-title":"The anti-aging Klotho protects glioblastoma macrophages from radiotherapy-induced inflammation and predicts immunotherapy response","volume":"157","author":"Galluzzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.am2016-4363","article-title":"Loss of PTEN promotes resistance to T cell-mediated immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.001","article-title":"Loss of PTEN is associated with resistance to anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy in metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma","volume":"46","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01109-8","article-title":"Discovery of predictive biomarkers for cancer therapy through computational approaches","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3909030","article-title":"Identification of prognostic biomarkers of glioblastoma based on multidatabase integration and its correlation with immune-infiltration cells","volume":"2022","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.580263","article-title":"A prognostic microenvironment-related immune signature via ESTIMATE predicts overall survival of patients with glioma","volume":"10","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23706","article-title":"An inflammatory gene-related prognostic risk score model for prognosis and immune infiltration in glioblastoma","volume":"63","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941556","article-title":"Novel macrophage-related gene prognostic index for glioblastoma associated with M2 macrophages and T cell dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.932938","article-title":"Computational identification of immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis and immune landscape of human glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17927","article-title":"Identification of T-cell exhaustion-related gene signature for predicting prognosis in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021.1902071","article-title":"Integrative analysis identifies an immune-relevant epigenetic signature for prognostication of non-G-CIMP glioblastomas","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac386","article-title":"Machine learning-based tumor-infiltrating immune cell-associated lncRNAs for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in patients with glioblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54643-3","article-title":"Machine learning-based investigation of regulated cell death for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in glioma patients","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06159-0","article-title":"Developing and validating a prognostic disulfidptosis-related signature for glioblastoma: predicting radioresistance and synergestic effect with immunotherapy","volume":"151","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1693940","article-title":"Single-cell and machine learning-based pyroptosis-related gene signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy response in glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.70227","article-title":"Predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in glioblastoma (GBM) with a 5-gene CAF-risk signature","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.833792","article-title":"Antigen presentation machinery signature-derived CALR mediates migration, polarization of macrophages in glioma and predicts immunotherapy response","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13944","article-title":"A novel chemokine-based signature for prediction of prognosis and therapeutic response in glioma","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2030020","article-title":"Identification of a unique tumor cell subset employing myeloid transcriptional circuits to create an immunomodulatory microenvironment in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab032","article-title":"Machine learning revealed stemness features and a novel stemness-based classification with appealing implications in discriminating the prognosis, immunotherapy and temozolomide responses of 906 glioblastoma patients","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01260-6","article-title":"A machine learning-defined cellular senescence signature systematically enhances prognostication and guides immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of gliomas","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Onc"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13315","article-title":"Immune phenotype correlates with survival in patients with GBM treated with standard temozolomide-based therapy and immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-3524","article-title":"Accessible data collections for improved decision making in neuro-oncology clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2764","article-title":"The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer analysis project","volume":"45","author":"Weinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2020.10.005","article-title":"Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA): A comprehensive resource with functional genomic data from Chinese glioma patients","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinf"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now247","article-title":"GlioVis data portal for visualization and analysis of brain tumor expression datasets","volume":"19","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3337","article-title":"Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles","volume":"12","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa407","article-title":"TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4993","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-19-0820","article-title":"Design and evaluation of an external control arm using prior clinical trials and real-world data","volume":"25","author":"Ventz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1586","article-title":"Using electronic health records to derive control arms for early phase single-arm lung cancer trials: proof-of-concept in randomized controlled trials","volume":"107","author":"Carrigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2589-7500(19)30123-2","article-title":"A comparison of deep learning performance against health-care professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378","article-title":"TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods","volume":"385","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0050-3","article-title":"Rethinking drug design in the artificial intelligence era","volume":"19","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023.03.17.23287378","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.17.23287378","article-title":"First-in-human prospective trial of sonobiopsy in glioblastoma patients using neuronavigation-guided focused ultrasound","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.65597","article-title":"Sonobiopsy for minimally invasive, spatiotemporally-controlled, and sensitive detection of glioblastoma-derived circulating tumor DNA","volume":"12","author":"Pacia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64440-3","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of focused ultrasound-enabled liquid biopsy in the brain of a porcine model","volume":"10","author":"Pacia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102825","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03137","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma tumor microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Yekula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18010010","article-title":"Circulating tumor cells in glioblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Eibl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0471","article-title":"Brain tumor cells in circulation are enriched for mesenchymal gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.681130","article-title":"Isolation of circulating tumour cells in patients with glioblastoma using spiral microfluidic technology - A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"M\u00fcller Bark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39933-0","article-title":"Spatial cellular architecture predicts prognosis in glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-4708","article-title":"Spatial multiomics defines a shared tumor infiltrative signature at the resection margin in high-grade gliomas","volume":"85","author":"Pai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3865275","article-title":"Spatially resolved multi-omics deciphers bidirectional tumor-host interdependence in glioblastoma","volume":"40","author":"Ravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32430-w","article-title":"Single cell spatial analysis reveals the topology of immunomodulatory purinergic signaling in glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Coy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1799-6","article-title":"International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening","volume":"577","author":"McKinney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192764","article-title":"Preoperative CT-based deep learning model for predicting disease-free survival in patients with lung adenocarcinomas","volume":"296","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317500","article-title":"Real-time automatic detection system increases colonoscopic polyp and adenoma detection rates: a prospective randomised controlled study","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05305-5","article-title":"Modulating the glioma microenvironment with laser interstitial thermal therapy: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"176","author":"Vargas","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-026-05467-w","article-title":"Tumor treating fields for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a retrospective analysis","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuro-Oncol"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2508.16085","article-title":"Ensemble learning of foundation models for precision oncology","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.207","article-title":"Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository","volume":"30","author":"Edgar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1037-7","article-title":"Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension","volume":"26","author":"Cruz Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1823338\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:31:23Z","timestamp":1777959083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1823338\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":293,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1823338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1823338","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"article-number":"1823338"}}