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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infections caused by the Gram-negative bacteria\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) can result in gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer in humans. Examining quantitative changes in soluble biomarkers linked to\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection offers a promising approach to monitor the infection\u2019s progression, inflammatory response, and systemic effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This exploratory study aimed to analyze metabolomic biomarkers in the sera from children with dyspeptic symptoms infected with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      and in control group of healthy children not exposed to\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biological samples: sera from 32\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected children \u2013 Hp (+) (female and male) with gastrointestinal symptoms (GIs) under the pediatric gastroenterological medical care; sera from 32\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      uninfected children \u2013 Hp(-) (female and male) without GIs under general medical care. The\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      status in Hp(+) children was confirmed by\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C urea breath testing, the presence of serum anti-\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies and gastroscopy-based tests (rapid urease test, histological examination of gastric tissue specimens for the presence of Helicobacter-like organisms-HLO and inflammation) while Hp(-) group was selected based on negative result of\n                      <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                      C urea breath test and the lack of serum anti-\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies. Metabolomic profiling was performed using UPLC-QTOF\/MS methods. Biomarkers significantly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were identified using volcano plots and ROC analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This exploratory study found 7 metabolites differentiating the serum samples of Hp(+) from Hp(-) children: carboxyethyl lysine - CEL (HMDB29447), gamma-Glutamylleucine (HMDB0011171), 13-HOTrE(y) hydroxylated and oxidized derivative of the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (HMDB0341541), 13-HODE (HMDB0004667), lauroylcarnitine (HMDB0002250), vitamin A (HMDB0000305) and 19_norandrosterone (HMDB0002697). These metabolites are associated with immune regulation, energy metabolism, lipid\/fatty acid metabolism, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and cell signaling, which may be linked with the pathogenesis of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in humans. However, this hypothesis needs to be confirmed based on direct immune measurements and longitudinal clinical outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This exploratory study delivered preliminary results on serum metabolomic profiling indicating differences between metabolites present in serum samples of\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected and uninfected children. Further study is required for validation of proposed methodology and connecting the selected metabolites with\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1826604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:28:25Z","timestamp":1781584105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory metabolomic analysis for identifying systemic signatures of Helicobacter pylori infection in children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Weronika","family":"Gonciarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz","place":["Lodz, 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