{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:27:16Z","timestamp":1787311636021,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bidirectional interaction between immune cells and neural cells is the core effector unit of neuroinflammation, determining whether the central nervous system (CNS) maintains homeostasis or develops disease. Under physiological conditions, this interaction supports CNS homeostasis through microglial surveillance, astrocytic metabolic support (including the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle and glutamate reuptake), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Under pathological states, dysregulated immune-neural crosstalk drives neuroinflammation. Damaged neurons activate microglia and astrocytes, which in turn secrete proinflammatory factors that impair neurons, reduce neurotrophic support, and disrupt BBB integrity. This interaction operates through cell surface receptor-ligand systems and soluble signals. Representative diseases including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), depression, and schizophrenia share common inflammatory features such as glial cell activation, BBB damage, and synaptic dysfunction, while exhibiting disease-specific pathological mechanisms. Clinical translation progress has been made in developing biomarkers for diagnosis, targeting immune cells and neural cells for therapy, and exploring emerging interventions like immunometabolic regulation and cell therapy. However, gaps remain in understanding cell type specificity, spatiotemporal dynamics, and achieving precise clinical application. Future interdisciplinary research will further advance the role of immune-neural interaction as a key target for preventing and treating neurological diseases, providing more precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:46:02Z","timestamp":1779338762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The tango of immune and neural cells: orchestrating neuroinflammation mediated brain disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yimao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]},{"name":"Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Dongguan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiqi","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Zhanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University","place":["Zhanjiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University","place":["Wenzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases\n          \n          341\n          55\n          \n            \n              Xu\n              W\n            \n            \n              Huang\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Zhou\n              R\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w\n          Cell Mol Immunol\n          22\n          2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development\n          \n          267\n          \n            \n              Zhang\n              W\n            \n            \n              Xiao\n              D\n            \n            \n              Mao\n              Q\n            \n            \n              Xia\n              H\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5\n          Sig Transduct Target Ther\n          8\n          2023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01486-5"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156974","article-title":"A comprehensive review: Neuroinflammation and immune communication between the central nervous system and the periphery","volume":"192","author":"Kaur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1575022","article-title":"Neuroimmune crosstalk in chronic neuroinflammation: Microglial interactions and immune modulation","volume":"19","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Bidirectional communication between microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation","year":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01199-6","article-title":"Connection and communication between the nervous and immune systems","author":"Leunig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The neuroimmune connectome in health and disease\n          \n          333\n          42\n          \n            \n              Wheeler\n              MA\n            \n            \n              Quintana\n              FJ\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41586-024-08474-x\n          Nature\n          638\n          2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08474-x"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cell-cell communication-mediated cell-type-specific parent-of-origin effects in mammals\n          \n          5106\n          \n            \n              Wu\n              JJ\n            \n            \n              Zheng\n              E\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              L\n            \n            \n              Quan\n              J\n            \n            \n              Ruan\n              D\n            \n            \n              Yao\n              Z\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41467-025-60469-y\n          Nat Commun\n          16\n          2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60469-y"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","article-title":"The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: Therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies of autoimmune disorders\n          \n          263\n          \n            \n              Song\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Li\n              J\n            \n            \n              Wu\n              Y\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41392-024-01952-8\n          Sig Transduct Target Ther\n          9\n          2024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01952-8"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9999146","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: An integrating overview of reactive-neuroimmune cell interactions in health and disease","volume":"2021","author":"K\u00f6lliker-Frers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adx0043","article-title":"Neuroinflammation across neurological diseases","volume":"388","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23571","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1347987","article-title":"The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: Current understanding and future therapeutic targets","volume":"16","author":"Adamu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.016","article-title":"Immune signaling in neurodegeneration","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets\n          \n          359\n          \n            \n              Gao\n              C\n            \n            \n              Jiang\n              J\n            \n            \n              Tan\n              Y\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0\n          Sig Transduct Target Ther\n          8\n          2023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102357","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disorders: Mechanisms of degeneration and therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance","volume":"99","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051195","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: Integrated nervous tissue response through intercellular interactions at the \u201cwhole system\u201d scale","volume":"10","author":"Nosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14010054","article-title":"From homeostasis to neuroinflammation: Insights into cellular and molecular interactions and network dynamics","volume":"14","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47060417","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms, dual roles, and therapeutic strategies in neurological disorders","volume":"47","author":"Garc\u00eda-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk2913","article-title":"Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by Dmp1 -expressing astrocytes through mitochondrial transfer","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.02.001","article-title":"Current status of chemokines in the adult CNS","volume":"104","author":"R\u00e9aux-Le Goazigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102277","article-title":"The impact of the CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 axis in neurological disorders","volume":"9","author":"Pawelec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.661838","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction amplifies the development of neuroinflammation: Understanding of cellular events in brain microvascular endothelial cells for prevention and treatment of BBB dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Takata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810235","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 modulate blood-brain barrier permeability and decrease amyloid-\u03b2 peptide efflux in a human blood-brain barrier model","volume":"23","author":"Versele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230199","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte communication in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis: JAD"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inflammasome activation and regulation: toward a better understanding of complex mechanisms\n          \n          36\n          \n            \n              Zheng\n              D\n            \n            \n              Liwinski\n              T\n            \n            \n              Elinav\n              E\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41421-020-0167-x\n          Cell Discov\n          6\n          2020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0167-x"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3913","article-title":"Neutrophils promote Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology and cognitive decline via LFA-1 integrin","volume":"21","author":"Zenaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke\n          \n          102\n          \n            \n              Duan\n              M\n            \n            \n              Xu\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Li\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Feng\n              H\n            \n            \n              Chen\n              Y\n            \n          \n          10.1186\/s12974-024-03101-y\n          J. Neuroinflammation\n          21\n          2024","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03101-y"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.070","article-title":"CD8+ T-cells infiltrate Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains and regulate neuronal- and synapse-related gene expression in APP-PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"89","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075786","article-title":"Th17 cell-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in neurodegeneration of a\u03b21-42-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease model rats","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311054","article-title":"Brain perivascular macrophages initiate the neurovascular dysfunction of Alzheimer A\u03b2 peptides","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000400","article-title":"Targeting systemic innate immune cells as a therapeutic avenue for Alzheimer disease","volume":"74","author":"Pons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.11.021","article-title":"TREM2 and the neuroimmunology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"88","author":"Hickman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.7","article-title":"TREM2 variants: New keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Colonna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.031","article-title":"TREM2 is a receptor for \u03b2-amyloid that mediates microglial function","volume":"97","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B37","volume-title":"TREM2 promotes microglial survival by activating wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","year":""},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23338","article-title":"Cx3cr1-deficiency exacerbates alpha-synuclein-A53T induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"66","author":"Castro-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0084","article-title":"CD200-, CX3CL1-, and TREM2-mediated neuron-microglia interactions and their involvements in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.11.7478","article-title":"Dose-dependent differential regulation of cytokine secretion from macrophages by fractalkine","volume":"179","author":"Mizutani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(01)00292-5","article-title":"Intrahippocampal LPS injections reduce Abeta load in APP+PS1 transgenic mice","volume":"22","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"Tissue-specific role of CX3CR1 expressing immune cells and their relationships with human disease\u2014PMC"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-015-9557-5","article-title":"CX3CR1 disruption differentially influences dopaminergic neuron degeneration in parkinsonian mice depending on the neurotoxin and route of administration","volume":"29","author":"Trist\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxic Res"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005709","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat co-operates with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha to increase CXCL10 in human astrocytes","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2840-11.2011","article-title":"Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is dependent on the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and TNF: Implications for neuropathic pain","volume":"31","author":"Nadeau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06696.2002","article-title":"Denervated Schwann cells attract macrophages by secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in a process regulated by interleukin-6 and LIF","volume":"22","author":"Tofaris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.14.5238","article-title":"A macrophage mRNA selectively induced by gamma-interferon encodes a member of the platelet factor 4 family of cytokines","volume":"87","author":"Farber","year":"1990","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8295-8302.2005","article-title":"Innate STAT1-dependent genomic response of neurons to the antiviral cytokine alpha interferon","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B49","volume-title":"Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): A novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3","year":""},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2025.05.003","article-title":"The central role of CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling in neuroinflammation and neuropathology","volume":"84","author":"Bufi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"B51","volume-title":"Microglia activation orchestrates CXCL10-mediated CD8+ T cell recruitment to promote aging-related white matter degeneration","year":""},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.05.007","article-title":"Functional characterization of histamine H4 receptor on human mast cells","volume":"62","author":"Jemima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90696-3","article-title":"Reactive microglia in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type are positive for the histocompatibility glycoprotein HLA-DR","volume":"79","author":"McGeer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30232-1","article-title":"The role of TREM2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"17","author":"Carmona","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.08.021","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From immunotherapy to immunoprevention","volume":"186","author":"Jucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00883-2","article-title":"Tau-targeting therapies for Alzheimer disease: Current status and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Congdon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neurovascular and immune factors of vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in non-human primates\n          \n          118\n          \n            \n              Balzano\n              T\n            \n            \n              L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez del Rey\n              N\n            \n            \n              Esteban-Garc\u00eda\n              N\n            \n            \n              Reinares-Sebasti\u00e1n\n              A\n            \n            \n              Pineda-Pardo\n              JA\n            \n            \n              Trigo-Damas\n              I\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41531-024-00735-w\n          npj Parkinson's Disease\n          10\n          2024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00735-w"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00651-6","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein handling by microglia: Activating, combating, and worsening","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ROS production by mitochondria: function or dysfunction?\n          \n          295\n          303\n          \n            \n              Palma\n              FR\n            \n            \n              Gantner\n              BN\n            \n            \n              Sakiyama\n              MJ\n            \n            \n              Kayzuka\n              C\n            \n            \n              Shukla\n              S\n            \n            \n              Lacchini\n              R\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41388-023-02907-z\n          Oncogene\n          43\n          2024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02907-z"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25767-1","article-title":"Selective targeting of the TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway reduces \u03b1-synuclein spreading in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14779","article-title":"Spreading of alpha-synuclein\u2014Relevant or epiphenomenon","volume":"150","author":"Killinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.266908","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases","volume":"15","author":"Shaimardanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479653","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein to the rescue: Immune cell recruitment by alpha-synuclein during gastrointestinal infection","volume":"9","author":"Labrie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Innate Immun"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320325","article-title":"Actionable biomarkers: The key to resolving disorders of gastrointestinal function","volume":"69","author":"Camilleri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00241-2","article-title":"The intestinal barrier in disorders of the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B67","volume-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein orchestrates Th17 responses as antigen and adjuvant in Parkinson\u2019s disease","year":""},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00239","article-title":"T-cell-driven inflammation as a mediator of the gut-brain axis involved in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Campos-Acu\u00f1a","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.03.002","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome-driven pathways in depression: Clinical and preclinical findings","volume":"64","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.03.019","article-title":"Neuroplastic changes in depression: A role for the immune system","volume":"37","author":"Eyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8219","article-title":"Pomegranate polyphenol punicalin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment, behavioral disorders, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation via inhibition of TLR4-NF-\u043aB pathway","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother Res: PTR"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: A finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: Results from a large cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Vreeburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019841242","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke: As possible therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Alishahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.123","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy combined with esketamine improved depression through PI3K\/AKT\/GLT-1 pathway","volume":"368","author":"Zang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elevated serum IL-17 A and CCL20 levels as potential biomarkers in major psychotic disorders: a case-control study\n          \n          677\n          \n            \n              Ghasemi Noghabi\n              P\n            \n            \n              Shahini\n              N\n            \n            \n              Salimi\n              Z\n            \n            \n              Ghorbani\n              S\n            \n            \n              Bagheri\n              Y\n            \n            \n              Derakhshanpour\n              F\n            \n          \n          10.1186\/s12888-024-06032-3\n          BMC Psychiatry\n          24\n          2024","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06032-3"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00904-0","article-title":"Schizophrenia: From neurochemistry to circuits, symptoms and treatments","volume":"20","author":"Howes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-024-01017-6","article-title":"The role of microglia in early neurodevelopment and the effects of maternal immune activation","volume":"46","author":"Mastenbroek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02002","article-title":"Increased macrophages and C1qA, C3, C4 transcripts in the midbrain of people with schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Purves-Tyson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.12.005","article-title":"Altered expression of microglial markers of phagocytosis in schizophrenia","volume":"251","author":"Jenkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"B82","volume-title":"Elevated endogenous GDNF induces altered dopamine signalling in mice and correlates with clinical severity in schizophrenia","year":""},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.009","article-title":"Reproducible gut microbial signatures in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A metagenome-wide study","volume":"121","author":"Ioannou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1366311","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00629","article-title":"Considering the microbiome in stress-related and neurodevelopmental trajectories to schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.01.003","article-title":"Sortilin: A receptor to regulate neuronal viability and function","volume":"35","author":"Nykjaer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astrocytes and brain\u2011derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)\n          \n          42\n          51\n          \n            \n              Albini\n              M\n            \n            \n              Krawczun\u2011Rygmaczewska\n              A\n            \n            \n              Cesca\n              F\n            \n          \n          10.1016\/j.neures.2023.02.001\n          Neurosci Res\n          197\n          2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2023.02.001"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjpad.2024.100013","article-title":"Microglial activation states and their implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Valiukas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"B89","unstructured":"Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines released from microglia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014PMC"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astrocytic and microglial cells as the modulators of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease\n          \n          206\n          \n            \n              Singh\n              D\n            \n          \n          10.1186\/s12974-022-02565-0\n          J Neuroinflammation\n          19\n          2022","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02565-0"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030806","article-title":"Inhibition of microglial GSK3\u03b2 activity is common to different kinds of antidepressants: A proposal for an in vitro screen to detect novel antidepressant principles","volume":"11","author":"Kalkman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B92","volume-title":"Astrocytes maintain glutamate homeostasis in the CNS by controlling the balance between glutamate uptake and release","year":""},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00451","article-title":"Astroglial glutamate signaling and uptake in the hippocampus","volume":"10","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109574","article-title":"IL-17 triggers the onset of cognitive and synaptic deficits in early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Brigas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.10.010","article-title":"In vivo evidence for a lactate gradient from astrocytes to neurons","volume":"23","author":"M\u00e4chler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.08.024","article-title":"The glia-neuron lactate shuttle and elevated ROS promote lipid synthesis in neurons and lipid droplet accumulation in glia via APOE\/D","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal aging induces A1-like astrocyte reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: Production, function, and therapeutic potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.11.018","article-title":"NF\u03baB-activated astroglial release of complement C3 compromises neuronal morphology and function associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"85","author":"Lian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3794","article-title":"Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Miossec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment\n          \n          186\n          \n            \n              Garland\n              EF\n            \n            \n              Dennett\n              O\n            \n            \n              Lau\n              LC\n            \n            \n              Chatelet\n              DS\n            \n            \n              Bottlaender\n              M\n            \n            \n              Nicoll\n              JAR\n            \n          \n          10.1186\/s12974-023-02869-9\n          J Neuroinflammation\n          20\n          2023","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02869-9"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13699","article-title":"Microglia measured by TSPO PET are associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and mediate key steps in a disease progression model","volume":"20","author":"Rossano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recent developments on PET radiotracers for TSPO and their applications in neuroimaging\n          \n          373\n          93\n          \n            \n              Zhang\n              L\n            \n            \n              Hu\n              K\n            \n            \n              Shao\n              T\n            \n            \n              Hou\n              L\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              S\n            \n            \n              Ye\n              W\n            \n          \n          10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.08.006\n          Acta Pharm Sin B\n          11\n          2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.08.006"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01002-x","article-title":"Increased levels of the synaptic proteins PSD-95, SNAP-25, and neurogranin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Kivis\u00e4kk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res Ther"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01919-7","article-title":"Peripheral blood cellular immunophenotype in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Foley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.379045","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA methylation and mitochondria-related epigenetics in neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Copped\u00e8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01878","article-title":"Peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for major depressive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regener Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00247-8","article-title":"Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Schlepckow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B110","unstructured":"Vigil Neuroscience Reports Positive Data from its Phase 1 Clinical Trial Evaluating VG-3927 for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107908","article-title":"Exosome-mediated microglia-astrocyte interactions drive neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease with Peli1 as a potential therapeutic target","volume":"219","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: The roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans Neurodegener"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regulatory drugs of glutamate transporter 1 (EAAT2\/GLT-1) expression and activity: Role in quenching oxidative damage\n          \n          e240004\n          \n            \n              Dom\u00ednguez-Gonz\u00e1lez\n              D\n            \n            \n              Romero-Llopis\n              B\n            \n            \n              Rold\u00e1n-L\u00e1zaro\n              M\n            \n            \n              Baquero\n              L\n            \n            \n              Noverques\n              R\n            \n            \n              Navarro\n              JA\n            \n          \n          10.1530\/REM-24-0004\n          Redox Experimental Medicine\n          2024\n          2024","DOI":"10.1530\/REM-24-0004"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0051-5","article-title":"Block of A1 astrocyte conversion by microglia is neuroprotective in models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104608","article-title":"Dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of rotigotine via 5-HT1A receptors: Possibly involvement of metallothionein expression in astrocytes","volume":"132","author":"Isooka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201207175","article-title":"The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"Steinman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300395","article-title":"Gut microbiota defines functional direction of colonic regulatory T cells with unique TCR repertoires","volume":"213","author":"Byun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adn2635","article-title":"Itaconate restrains acute proinflammatory activation of microglia after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01948-5","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits inflammasome activation to attenuate Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"17","author":"Shippy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093103","article-title":"Neural stem cell transplantation for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"De Gioia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042153","article-title":"Regenerative stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: An overview","volume":"22","author":"Sivandzade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phase I\/II trial of iPS-cell-derived dopaminergic cells for Parkinson\u2019s disease\n          \n          971\n          7\n          \n            \n              Sawamoto\n              N\n            \n            \n              Doi\n              D\n            \n            \n              Nakanishi\n              E\n            \n            \n              Sawamura\n              M\n            \n            \n              Kikuchi\n              T\n            \n            \n              Yamakado\n              H\n            \n          \n          10.1038\/s41586-025-08700-0\n          Nature\n          641\n          2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08700-0"},{"key":"B124","first-page":"122","article-title":"Immunity in neuromodulation: probing neural and immune pathways in brain disorders","volume-title":"J Neuroinflammation","author":"Hours","year":"2025"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.05.037","article-title":"Optimally combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with antidepressants in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"358","author":"Rakesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105397","article-title":"Aperiodic subthalamic activity predicts motor severity and stimulation response in Parkinson disease","volume":"110","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"B127","first-page":"77","article-title":"Modulation of subthalamic beta oscillations by movement, dopamine, and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume-title":"npj Parkinson's Disease","author":"Mathiopoulou","year":"2024"},{"key":"B128","first-page":"31","article-title":"Inflammatory aspects of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume-title":"Acta Neuropathol","author":"Botella Lucena","year":"2024"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412556","article-title":"Microglia-derived interleukin-6 triggers astrocyte apoptosis in the hippocampus and mediates depression-like behavior","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinheim Baden-Wurttemberg Germany)"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.08.038","article-title":"Multiscale proteomic modeling reveals protein networks driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00208","article-title":"Microglial activation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Donat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu2937","article-title":"Gut-brain nexus: Mapping multimodal links to neurodegeneration at biobank scale","volume":"11","author":"Shafieinouri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u2011tau217 correlates with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and targeting p\u2011tau217 with immunotherapy ameliorates murine tauopathy\n          \n          1676\n          1693.e12\n          \n            \n              Zhang\n              D\n            \n            \n              Zhang\n              W\n            \n            \n              Ming\n              C\n            \n            \n              Gao\n              X\n            \n            \n              Yuan\n              H\n            \n            \n              Lin\n              X\n            \n          \n          Neuron\n          112\n          2024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.02.017"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02011-w","article-title":"Drugs targeting CD20 in multiple sclerosis: Pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and tolerability","volume":"84","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023.07.24.550282","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.24.550282","article-title":"Spatial and single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis of genetic and sporadic forms of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51767-y","article-title":"Unraveling the spatial organization and development of human thymocytes through integration of spatial transcriptomics and single-cell multi-omics profiling","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03041-w","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease patient brain extracts induce multiple pathologies in novel vascularized neuroimmune organoids for disease modeling and drug discovery","volume":"30","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"3701","article-title":"A microengineered 3D human neurovascular unit model to probe the neuropathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis","volume-title":"Nat Commun","author":"Zhang","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827437\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:46:21Z","timestamp":1779338781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827437\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":138,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1827437","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"article-number":"1827437"}}