{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:30:58Z","timestamp":1791232258871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause severe, often fatal, disease characterized by hyperinflammation and features of a cytokine storm. Hyperproduction of both IL-10 and IL-6 and low TGF-\u03b2 production can generate a cytokine storm, with IL-10 playing a particularly important role. To investigate the role of IL\u201010 in patients with SFTS, we analyzed the phenotypes of macrophages, cytokines, and signaling pathways in patients with mild to fatal SFTS and found that the population of HLA-DR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD86\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages was increased, the population of CD163\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD206\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages was decreased, the levels of IL-10 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001), IL-6 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001), TNF-\u03b1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p=<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.1056), and CCL1 (\n                    <jats:italic>p=<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.1533) were increased, TGF-\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>p=<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0104) was increased, and Smad3 and P-Smad3 were highly expressed in patients with fatal SFTS. We also investigated the role of IL\u201010 in THP\u20101-derived macrophages infected with SFTSV or SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or treated with serum from patients with fatal SFTS. We found that blocking IL\u201010 signaling can decrease the population of HLA-DR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD86\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, increase the population of CD163\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD206\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, reduce IL\u20106 and TNF-\u03b1 production, increase TGF\u2010\u03b2 production and induce the expression of Smad3 and P-Smad3 in SFTSV- and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010infected and LPS\u2010induced THP-1 cells. Additionally, IL-10 receptor blockade can reduce IL-10 and IL\u20106 production in THP-1 cells treated with serum from patients with fatal SFTS. Therefore, we suggest that HLA-DR\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD86\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages may contribute to pathological activity and that CD163\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD206\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages may play a critical role in the protection of effector functions against SFTSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. IL-10 could serve as a prognostic target, and antibodies against the IL-10 receptor could represent a potential immune-based intervention against a cytokine storm in patients with fatal SFTS and severe\/critical COVID-19.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1828107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:09:57Z","timestamp":1782385797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibodies against interleukin-10 receptor reduce IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 levels and increase TGF\u2010\u03b2 levels in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Su Yeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine and Intercollege","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Rae","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine","place":["Jeju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EunJin","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine and Intercollege","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joowan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine","place":["Jeju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine","place":["Jeju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Jin","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehee","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine and Intercollege","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongcharn","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine and Intercollege","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huy Chau","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoai Jaclyn","family":"Hallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Taek","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine","place":["Jeju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam-Hyuk","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Letizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Naval Medical Research Unit INDO PACIFIC","place":["Singapore, Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keun 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