{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:44:52Z","timestamp":1793745892861,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP) is a kind of plant polyphenols with a wide variety of biological activities. In the present study, we evaluated whether GSP can alleviate intestinal injury in weaned pigs injected with diquat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 32 pigs were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8): (1) nonchallenged control; (2) control + 50 mg\/kg GSP; (3) diquat-treated control and (4) diquat + 50 mg\/kg GSP. On the morning of day 15, the pigs were injected with diquat (10 mg per kg body weight) or saline, and were then killed to obtain the serum and intestinal segments 7 days later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that GSP addition decreased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the urea concentration and increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the total superoxide dismutase activity in serum of diquat-challenged pigs. GSP increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the ileal villus height and duodenal and ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio in diquat-challenged pigs. GSP supplementation not only down-regulated (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease-3 (\n                      <jats:italic>Caspase-3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>Caspase-8<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Caspase-9<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression levels but also up-regulated (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the expression levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Claudin-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>zonula occludens-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the small intestine. Furthermore, GSP supplementation increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) the cecal\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      populations and colonic\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      population in diquat-challenged pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that GSP can attenuate diquat-induced intestinal mucosa disruption, which was linked to enhancement of the antioxidant capacity and improvement in intestinal microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  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