{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:26:16Z","timestamp":1777890376201,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993, they have been established as key post-transcriptional regulators of immune cell function. In particular, miRNAs have emerged as key modulators of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell activation and differentiation. Accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs influence CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell fate through modulating transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) signaling, which negatively regulates T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cell differentiation, while promoting the generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, Th17 as well as Th9 cells. Despite these advances, our understanding of specific roles of miRNAs and their target molecules in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells remains limited, particularly in Th9 cells. In this review, we discuss the regulatory networks of miRNAs targeting the TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathway in CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, with a special focus on their roles in Th9 cell differentiation and function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1828634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:36:26Z","timestamp":1777613786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interplay between microRNAs and TGF-\u03b2 signaling in T cells: implications for Th9 differentiation and immune pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tae Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University","place":["Yangsan, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Education 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