{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:03:40Z","timestamp":1785488620261,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J3-50109, J3-3084, J3-4516, Program P1-0245, Program P3-0458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-50109, J3-3084, J3-4516, Program P1-0245, Program P3-0458"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gamma delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells exhibit unique antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Advancing the fundamental understanding of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell immunobiology and unlocking their full therapeutic potential requires detailed immunophenotypic profiling alongside optimized strategies for\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    activation and expansion. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell immunobiology, emphasizing (i) comprehensive phenotypic characterization using flow cytometry and (ii) emerging approaches for their therapeutic implementation, with a focus on activation and\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    expansion methods. By integrating insights from phenotypic analysis with a comparative evaluation of expansion techniques, we provide an overview of \u03b3\u03b4 T cell immunobiology and their translational potential in immunotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1829178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:53:02Z","timestamp":1785487982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunophenotyping, activation, and expansion of gamma delta T cells: flow cytometry profiling and ex vivo manipulation strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ur\u0161ka","family":"Rupnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Cellular Immunotherapy Group, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology","place":["Ljubljana, 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Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Vesel Tajn\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neja","family":"\u0160amec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute of Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadej","family":"Av\u010din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana","place":["Ljubljana, Slovenia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of 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