{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:36:01Z","timestamp":1787589361801,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with poorly understood and complex pathophysiology with interplay between many immune and stromal cells. While the T cell infiltrate in HS is well-documented, the relationship between systemic memory T cells and those within the cutaneous microenvironment has yet to be fully elucidated. We performed a comparative analysis of skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) samples from HS patients and healthy controls using flow cytometry to evaluate T cell subsets and their cytokine profile with focus on TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-17A. Within the memory compartment, CD4+ central memory T cells (T\n                    <jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were profoundly expanded in HS lesions (21%) compared to healthy skin (&amp;lt;1%). A positive correlation was observed between the levels of skin-infiltrating T\n                    <jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub>\n                    and those found in the systemic circulation. Conversely, CD4+ resident memory T cells (T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were significantly depleted in HS lesions (~30% to &amp;lt;10%). Functional assays revealed a marked discordance between tissues; skin-derived memory cells exhibited a hyper-responsive phenotype, producing significantly higher levels of TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-17A than matched PBMCs. These data suggest that HS is characterized by a synchronized peripheral-lesional axis of CD4+ T\n                    <jats:sub>CM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells. The T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    deficit may reflect phenotypic plasticity or retrograde migration during chronic inflammation. Crucially, the HS microenvironment appears to reprogram recruited memory cells, leading to a tissue-specific functional activation not reflected in the systemic circulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1831664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:21:56Z","timestamp":1784002916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reorganization and functional divergence of the CD4+ memory T cell compartment in hidradenitis suppurativa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Casals-Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Roman\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Granollers, Dermatology, Granollers","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abir","family":"Ezzaanouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Pathobiology of Vascular Tumours and Malformations, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona","place":["Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Raducu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"Boix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadeu","family":"Gavald\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disease Biology Department, Almirall R&D Center","place":["Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Guilabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Granollers, Dermatology, Granollers","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Internacional de Catalunya","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.003","article-title":"Insights into hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"149","author":"van Straalen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.01.033","article-title":"Epithelialized tunnels are a source of inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"147","author":"Navrazhina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14629","article-title":"IL-17A is a pertinent therapeutic target for moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa: Combined results from a pre-clinical and phase II proof-of-concept study","volume":"31","author":"Kimball","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp 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