{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:32:06Z","timestamp":1791930726338,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) are the main forms of chronic rhinitis with distinct pathogenesis. Endotype analysis based on nasal mucosal immune markers may facilitate precision medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare inflammatory profiles and identify endotypes in AR and NAR through local immune marker detection and correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study enrolled chronic rhinitis patients (January 2023\u2013June 2025) divided into three groups: AR group [ARG, n=40, positive skin prick test and\/or serum specific IgE (sIgE)], NAR group (NARG, n=40, negative allergy tests), and control group (CG, n=20). Primary measures: nasal eosinophil (EOS) and neutrophil (NEU) counts, sIgE and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), Th2 cytokines, NEU-related mediators, and immune cell subsets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ARG showed significantly higher EOS count, sIgE, ECP, interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and EOS% than NARG and CG. NARG exhibited significantly higher NEU count, interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and NEU% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01). Correlation analysis revealed moderate to strong positive correlations among Th2 markers in ARG and among NEU markers in NARG, with ECP also correlated to EOS in NARG (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AR exhibits a Th2-dominant inflammatory network involving eosinophils, IgE, and Th2 cytokines rather than eosinophils alone, while NAR displays a NEU-mediated pattern with a subset showing eosinophilic activation. Multi-marker detection in nasal secretions effectively differentiates inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance &amp;amp; innovation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified a synergistic Th2 network in AR and a NEU-dominant pattern in NAR via nasal secretion analysis, providing evidence for endotype identification and precision therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1831730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:43:35Z","timestamp":1779342215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Local immune and inflammatory endotypes of the nasal mucosa in allergic and non-allergic chronic 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