{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:30:00Z","timestamp":1788877800168,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010564","name":"Academic Medical Organization of Southwestern Ontario","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-HLA antibodies have emerged as important contributors to antibody-mediated rejection and long-term graft dysfunction in kidney transplantation, including in patients without detectable donor-specific antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DSAs). This review summarizes current evidence on major non-HLA antibody targets, including angiotensin II type 1 receptor, endothelin A receptor, perlecan fragment LG3, vimentin, major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A, collagen, fibronectin, natural antibodies, and glutathione S-transferase theta 1, and highlights their mechanisms of formation, pathogenic roles, and clinical associations. These antibodies can arise through alloimmune or autoimmune processes, often driven by endothelial injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and inflammatory signaling, which may expose cryptic antigens and promote loss of self-tolerance. Mechanistically, non-HLA antibodies can mediate graft injury through complement activation, Fc receptor\u2013dependent immune responses, and direct signaling effects on endothelial and vascular cells, leading to inflammation, microvascular injury, and fibrosis. Importantly, they can act synergistically with HLA-DSA, amplifying immune responses, and contributing to worse transplant outcomes. However, findings across studies remain inconsistent due to heterogeneity in detection methods, lack of standardized thresholds for positivity, and variability in patient populations. Additionally, temporal dynamics in antibody development and fluctuations over time suggest that static measurements may not fully capture their clinical relevance. The presence of non-HLA antibodies in healthy populations further complicates interpretation and highlights the need to better define clinically meaningful thresholds. Given the wide diversity in antigen targets, biological functions, and mechanisms of action, a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient. Instead, individual non-HLA antibodies should be investigated through targeted mechanistic and clinical studies to clarify their specific roles in transplant outcomes. Future research should prioritize large-scale, multicenter prospective studies with standardized methodologies, alongside mechanistic investigations, to improve risk stratification and advance understanding of their impact on long-term kidney transplant success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1832945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:39:11Z","timestamp":1784090351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the role of non-HLA antibodies in kidney transplantation: a literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raffin","family":"Ryeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Science Centre","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Abubaker","family":"Sidahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Science Centre","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleena","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Science Centre","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina Al","family":"Agbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Science Centre","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonali","family":"de Chickera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McGill University Health Centre","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshman","family":"Gunaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubaker","family":"Sidahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Science Centre","place":["London, ON, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University","place":["London, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.307","article-title":"A study of the quality of life and cost-utility of renal transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Laupacis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"End-stage renal disease","volume-title":"Statpearls","author":"Hashmi","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v2.i4.51","article-title":"Current state of renal transplant immunosuppression: Present and future","volume":"2","author":"Kalluri","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Transplant"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000001011","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection: prevention, monitoring and treatment dilemmas","volume":"27","author":"Rodriguez-Ramirez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.10.016","article-title":"Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies with antibody-mediated rejection and long-term outcomes following heart transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Clerkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12887","article-title":"De novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after kidney transplantation are associated with impaired graft outcome independently of their C1q-binding ability","volume":"30","author":"Kauke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2008.08.004","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection: treatment alternatives and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplant Rev"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31816f612a","article-title":"Incidence and prediction of early antibody-mediated rejection due to non-human leukocyte antigen-antibodies","volume":"85","author":"Amico","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198201000-00023","article-title":"Hyperacute rejection of HLA-AB-identical renal allografts associated with B lymphocyte and endothelial reactive antibodies","volume":"33","author":"Ahern","year":"1982","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e3283636e55","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies in solid organ transplantation: recent concepts and clinical relevance","volume":"8","author":"Dragun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Organ Transplant"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.88","article-title":"The importance of non-HLA antibodies in transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016070756","article-title":"The emerging importance of non-HLA autoantibodies in kidney transplant complications","volume":"28","author":"Cardinal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400460","article-title":"Autoantigens as substrates for apoptotic proteases: implications for the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"6","author":"Rosen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00270106","article-title":"Mechanisms and role of HLA and non-HLA alloantibodies","volume":"1","author":"Tinckam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-5699(97)80008-4","article-title":"The discovery of MHC restriction","volume":"18","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0504-476","article-title":"Paradigm switching in the germinal center","volume":"5","author":"Posey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(03)00046-3","article-title":"B cells as effectors","volume":"15","author":"McHeyzer-Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(98)80162-3","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells: a mechanism for maintaining persistent antibody production","volume":"10","author":"Slifka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2024.13523","article-title":"Allorecognition unveiled: Integrating recent breakthroughs into the current paradigm","volume":"37","author":"Charmetant","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071506","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies in kidney transplantation: Immunity and genetic insights","volume":"10","author":"Sorohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1614408","article-title":"Risk assessment of antibody-mediated damage based on the detection of HLA and non-HLA antibodies toward extracellular antigens before kidney transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Sol\u00e0-Porta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2019.04.009","article-title":"Injury derived autoimmunity: Anti-perlecan\/LG3 antibodies in transplantation","volume":"80","author":"Dieud\u00e9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00713-5","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and immune activation in solid organ transplantation: The impact of immunosuppression","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.861583","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate immune responses to tissue-associated self-antigens: Role in solid organ transplantations","volume":"13","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102830","article-title":"Germinal center alloantibody responses are mediated exclusively by indirect-pathway CD4 T follicular helper cells","volume":"188","author":"Conlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-023-00791-0","article-title":"Translating B cell immunology to the treatment of antibody-mediated allograft rejection","volume":"20","author":"Heeger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15707","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from injured vascular tissue promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures in vascular allografts","volume":"20","author":"Dieud\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12763","article-title":"Pretransplant IgG reactivity to apoptotic cells correlates with late kidney allograft loss","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004377","article-title":"Beyond adaptive alloreactivity: Contribution of innate B cells to allograft inflammation and rejection","volume":"107","author":"Sayin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2018.12.011","article-title":"Cytokine profiles associated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Pearl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.07.2486","article-title":"Antibodies to angiotensin II type 1 receptor and endothelin type A receptor are associated with cytokine production enriched for type 2 immune response and antibody production in pediatric kidney transplant recipients","volume":"25","author":"Pearl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021050689","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas9-engineered HLA-deleted glomerular endothelial cells as a tool to predict pathogenic non-HLA antibodies in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"32","author":"Lamarth\u00e9e","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2012.01578.x","article-title":"Soluble CD30 correlates with clinical but not subclinical renal allograft rejection","volume":"26","author":"Hirt-Minkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.8.4620","article-title":"Membrane attack complex contributes to destruction of vascular integrity in acute lung allograft rejection","volume":"169","author":"Nakashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.08.002","article-title":"Regulation of humoral immunity by complement","volume":"37","author":"Carroll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12368","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIIB and autoimmunity","volume":"269","author":"Esp\u00e9li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035717","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 1-receptor activating antibodies in renal-allograft rejection","volume":"352","author":"Dragun","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.09.029","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies targeting angiotensin II type 1 receptor and endothelin-1 type A receptors induce endothelial injury via \u03b22-arrestin link to mTOR pathway","volume":"101","author":"Catar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15366","article-title":"The neonatal Fc receptor: Key to homeostasic control of IgG and IgG-related biopharmaceuticals","volume":"19","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.250431","article-title":"The perlecan fragment LG3 is a novel regulator of obliterative remodeling associated with allograft vascular rejection","volume":"110","author":"Soulez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12168","article-title":"Antiperlecan antibodies are novel accelerators of immune-mediated vascular injury","volume":"13","author":"Cardinal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13119","article-title":"The perlecan fragment LG3 regulates homing of mesenchymal stem cells and neointima formation during vascular rejection","volume":"15","author":"Pilon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13866","article-title":"Anti-LG3 antibodies aggravate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and long-term renal allograft dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2018.11.002","article-title":"Anti-perlecan antibodies and acute humoral rejection in hypersensitized patients without forbidden HLA specificities after kidney transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Riesco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001437","article-title":"Double pretransplant positivity for autoantibodies to LG3 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor is associated with alloimmune vascular injury in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"9","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15082","article-title":"New insights into immune mechanisms of antiperlecan\/LG3 antibody production: Importance of T cells and innate B1 cells","volume":"19","author":"Padet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2024.100250","article-title":"Vascular injury derived apoptotic exosome-like vesicles trigger autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Juillard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2023.10749","article-title":"Hypothermic perfusion modifies the association between anti-LG3 antibodies and delayed graft function in kidney recipients","volume":"36","author":"Mawad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2021.101505","article-title":"The role of endothelin II type A receptor (ETAR) in transplant injury","volume":"70","author":"Nowa\u0144ska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2020.100573","article-title":"Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies in kidney transplantation: An evidence-based comprehensive review","volume":"34","author":"Sorohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant Rev"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0536","article-title":"Pleiotropic AT1 receptor signaling pathways mediating physiological and pathogenic actions of angiotensin II","volume":"20","author":"Hunyady","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00550.2020","article-title":"Localization of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene expression in rodent and human kidneys","volume":"320","author":"Schrankl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-3623(97)00021-9","article-title":"Angiotensin II receptors in endothelial cells","volume":"29","author":"Pueyo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI4106","article-title":"Patients with preeclampsia develop agonistic autoantibodies against the angiotensin AT1 receptor","volume":"103","author":"Wallukat","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181889748","article-title":"Humoral responses directed against non-human leukocyte antigens in solid-organ transplantation","volume":"86","author":"Dragun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020927","article-title":"Antibodies against angiotensin II type 1 and endothelin 1 type A receptors in cardiovascular pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Civieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2019.04.012","article-title":"Antibodies against Angiotensin II Type 1 and Endothelin A Receptors: Relevance and pathogenicity","volume":"80","author":"Philogene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000436927.08026.a8","article-title":"Increased negative impact of donor HLA-specific together with non-HLA-specific antibodies on graft outcome","volume":"97","author":"Reinsmoen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.15649","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies on graft function and survival in paediatric kidney transplant recipients","volume":"104","author":"Kermond","year":"2024","journal-title":"HLA"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093112","article-title":"The influence of antibodies against angiotensin II type-1 receptor on the outcome of kidney transplantation: A single-center retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Filiopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14400","article-title":"Pre-transplant angiotensin II receptor type I antibodies in pediatric renal transplant recipients: An observational cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Pizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2025.07.2476","article-title":"Non-human leukocyte antigen autoantibodies-anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor and endothelin type A receptor antibodies-in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection: Biopsy-based transcript diagnostics perspective","volume":"25","author":"Harmacek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab344","article-title":"Effect of anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies on the outcomes of kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.01.030","article-title":"Non-HLA agonistic anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies induce a distinctive phenotype of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"96","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12397","article-title":"Pretransplant sensitization against angiotensin II type 1 receptor is a risk factor for acute rejection and graft loss","volume":"13","author":"Giral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv375","article-title":"The clinicopathological relevance of pretransplant anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies in renal transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1776113","article-title":"Anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibodies of IgG3 subclass outperform total anti-AT1R IgG1-IgG4 levels in predicting transplanted kidney antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"17","author":"Mizera","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12395","article-title":"Higher risk of kidney graft failure in the presence of anti-angiotensin II type-1 receptor antibodies","volume":"13","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.703457","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies and epitope mismatches in kidney transplant recipients with histological antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"12","author":"Crespo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.12531","article-title":"De novo development of antibodies to kidney-associated self-antigens angiotensin II receptor type I, collagen IV, and fibronectin occurs at early time points after kidney transplantation in children","volume":"19","author":"Hesemann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200401000-00014","article-title":"The impact of renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms on physiological and pathophysiological processes in humans","volume":"13","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000115557.25127.8D","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction by overexpression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor","volume":"94","author":"Wassmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.07.010","article-title":"Non-HLA-antibodies targeting Angiotensin type 1 receptor and antibody mediated rejection","volume":"73","author":"Dragun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111817","article-title":"Non-HLA autoantibodies against angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R) and endothelin A receptor (ETAR) in pediatric kidney transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Antoniello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004753","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies to G protein-coupled receptors in pediatric kidney transplant recipients: short- and long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Pearl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2022.0043","article-title":"Relationship between angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibody positivity and cytokine gene polymorphism in renal transplant patients when organ rejection occurs","volume":"23","author":"Yantir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.06.004","article-title":"The importance of endothelin-1 for vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease","volume":"76","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp310","article-title":"Endothelin signalling in arterial smooth muscle is tightly regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2","volume":"85","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B79","article-title":"Plasma endothelin-1 and single nucleotide polymorphisms of endothelin-1 and endothelin type A receptor genes as risk factors for normal tension glaucoma","volume":"22","author":"Kosior-Jarecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182692ad2","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies targeting vascular receptors enhance alloimmune response and microvasculopathy after heart transplantation","volume":"94","author":"Hiemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24961","article-title":"Association between anti-endothelial antigen antibodies and allograft rejection in kidney transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101674","article-title":"Levels of angiotensin II type-1 receptor antibodies and endothelin-1 type-A receptor antibodies correlate with antibody-mediated rejection and poor graft function in kidney-transplantation patients","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2013.10.007","article-title":"The impact of non-HLA antibodies directed against endothelin-1 type A receptors (ETAR) on early renal transplant outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Banasik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030422","article-title":"Endothelin A receptors expressed in glomeruli of renal transplant patients may be associated with antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"10","author":"Nowa\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.07.027","article-title":"Evaluation of non-invasive biomarkers of kidney allograft rejection in a prospective multicenter unselected cohort study (EU-TRAIN)","volume":"106","author":"Goutaudier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.09.004","article-title":"Endothelin type A receptor antibodies are associated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies, vascular inflammation, and decline in renal function in pediatric kidney transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Pearl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000170845","article-title":"Non-HLA antibodies post-transplantation: clinical relevance and treatment in solid organ transplantation","volume":"162","author":"Dragun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12295","article-title":"Role of MICA antibodies in solid organ transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00182","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A (MICA) molecules: relevance in solid organ transplantation","volume":"8","author":"Baranwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067160","article-title":"Antibodies against MICA antigens and kidney-transplant rejection","volume":"357","author":"Zou","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3434050","article-title":"Role of anti-MICA antibodies in graft survival of renal transplant recipients of India","volume":"2018","author":"Chowdhry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182943506","article-title":"Harmful effect of preformed anti-MICA antibodies on renal allograft evolution in early posttransplantation period","volume":"96","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Zapardiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.11.023","article-title":"Complement-fixing antibodies against denatured HLA and MICA antigens are associated with antibody mediated rejection","volume":"100","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181e228f7","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class 1 chain-related antigen a antibodies: sensitizing events and impact on renal graft outcomes","volume":"90","author":"Lemy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31824fd8f1","article-title":"Posttransplant major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A antibodies and long-term graft outcomes in a multicenter cohort of 779 kidney transplant recipients","volume":"93","author":"Lemy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12923","article-title":"Clinical relevance of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) antibodies in live donor renal transplantation - Indian Experience","volume":"92","author":"Baranwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2022.03.064","article-title":"Posttransplant-alloantibodies against MICA antigens associated with decreased long-term allograft survival of kidney transplant recipients","volume":"54","author":"Ming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B98","article-title":"Associations of anti-MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) antibodies with renal allograft outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01725-2","article-title":"The MHC class I MICA gene is a histocompatibility antigen in kidney transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Carapito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004643","article-title":"The significance of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecule A in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a comprehensive overview","volume":"108","author":"Schinstock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200104150-00011","article-title":"Antivimentin antibodies are an independent predictor of transplant-associated coronary artery disease after cardiac transplantation","volume":"71","author":"Jurcevic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.12.043","article-title":"Vimentin antibodies: a non-HLA antibody as a potential risk factor in renal transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Carter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000443224.66960.37","article-title":"Role of anti-vimentin antibodies in renal transplantation","volume":"98","author":"Besarani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.06.014","article-title":"Vimentin antibody production in transplant patients and immunomodulatory effects of vimentin in-vitro","volume":"74","author":"Carter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.08.002","article-title":"C4d deposition is correlated with the level of antivimentin antibody in rat kidneys undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2016.04.009","article-title":"Anti-vimentin antibodies present at the time of transplantation may predict early development of interstitial fibrosis\/tubular atrophy","volume":"48","author":"Lopez-Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2017.09.001","article-title":"Immunoglobulin isotype switching of antibodies to vimentin is associated with development of transplant glomerulopathy following human renal transplantation","volume":"45","author":"Gunasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000089684","article-title":"Organ-specific collagen expression: implications for renal disease","volume":"102","author":"Alexakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephron Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.supplement_4.s317","article-title":"Fibronectin: a brief overview of its structure, function, and physiology","volume":"9","author":"Proctor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12592","article-title":"Immune responses to collagen-IV and fibronectin in renal transplant recipients with transplant glomerulopathy","volume":"14","author":"Angaswamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.07.006","article-title":"Study of association between antibodies to non-HLA kidney self-antigens and progression to chronic immune injury after kidney transplantation","volume":"84","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2022.10099","article-title":"Clinical significances of anti-collagen type I and type III antibodies in antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.809059","article-title":"The pre-transplant non-HLA antibody burden associates with the development of histology of antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Senev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910562","article-title":"Distinct non-human leukocyte antigen antibody signatures correlate with endothelial crossmatch status in lung and renal transplant recipients","volume":"25","author":"Alhamdan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101702","article-title":"Role for exosomes with self-antigens and immune regulatory molecules in allo- and auto-immunity leading to chronic immune injury following murine kidney transplantation","volume":"75","author":"Itabashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400844","article-title":"Natural antibodies bridge innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"194","author":"Panda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12394","article-title":"Polyreactive antibodies developing amidst humoral rejection of human kidney grafts bind apoptotic cells and activate complement","volume":"13","author":"Porcheray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017111157","article-title":"Post-transplant natural antibodies associate with kidney allograft injury and reduced long-term survival","volume":"29","author":"See","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004472","article-title":"Natural antibodies are associated with rejection and long-term renal allograft loss in a multicenter international cohort","volume":"107","author":"See","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7005080","article-title":"Natural antibodies and alloreactive T cells long after kidney transplantation","volume":"2021","author":"van Besouw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transplant"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/0264-6021:3600001","article-title":"Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily","volume":"360","author":"Sheehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1457230","article-title":"GSTT1\/GSTM1 deficiency aggravated cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via ROS-triggered ferroptosis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm955","article-title":"Anti-glutathione S-transferase T1 antibody-mediated rejection in C4d-positive renal allograft recipients","volume":"23","author":"Aguilera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31818bd790","article-title":"Donor-specific antibodies against HLA, MICA, and GSTT1 in patients with allograft rejection and C4d deposition in renal biopsies","volume":"87","author":"Alvarez-M\u00e1rquez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2013.02.097","article-title":"The effect of anti-human leukocyte antigen, anti-major histocompatibility complex class 1 chain-related antigen a, and anti-glutathione transferase-T1 antibodies on the long-term survival of renal allograft","volume":"45","author":"Akgul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2022.0189","article-title":"Anti-glutathione S transferase T1 antibodies after renal transplant and their impact on graft outcome","volume":"20","author":"Valencia Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1035400","article-title":"Anti-glutathione S-transferase theta 1 antibodies correlate with graft loss in non-sensitized pediatric kidney recipients","volume":"9","author":"Comoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2023.101943","article-title":"Anti-GSTT1 antibodies and Null genotype correlate with histological changes of antibody mediated rejection in kidney transplantation","volume":"81","author":"Obri\u0219c\u0103","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005363","article-title":"Heterogeneity of non-HLA antibody prevalence in kidney antibody-mediated rejection with the commercial Luminex assays","volume":"109","author":"Obri\u0219c\u0103","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-04969-1","article-title":"Association of non-HLA antibodies against endothelial targets and donor-specific HLA antibodies with antibody-mediated rejection and graft function in pediatric kidney transplant recipients","volume":"36","author":"Fichtner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ti.2025.14463","article-title":"Development of non-HLA antibodies and their association with antibody-mediated rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients","volume":"38","author":"Schmidt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1729129","article-title":"Non-HLA antibody trajectories may predict kidney transplant outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Rajalingam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2025.102265","article-title":"Testing controls demonstrates a high prevalence of non-HLA antibody positivity using pre-defined cutoff threshold in a bead-based assay using healthy control population","volume":"92","author":"Agrawal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2026.102364","article-title":"Assessing reference ranges for non-HLA antibodies: comparative analysis of blood donors and kidney transplant candidates","volume":"95","author":"Quintiliano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103855","article-title":"Advancing research on regulatory autoantibodies targeting GPCRs: Insights from the 5th international symposium","volume":"24","author":"Cabral-Marques","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12064","article-title":"Rituximab in kidney disease and transplant","volume":"2","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim Model Exp Med"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2012.04.008","article-title":"Proteasome inhibition for antibody-mediated allograft rejection","volume":"49","author":"Sadaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Hematol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984090","article-title":"Complement-targeted therapies in kidney transplantation-insights from preclinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Anwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003095","article-title":"Recommended treatment for antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation: the 2019 expert consensus from the Transplantion Society Working Group","volume":"104","author":"Schinstock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003551","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of the clinical relevance and treatment options for antibody-mediated rejection associated with non-HLA antibodies","volume":"105","author":"Kardol-Hoefnagel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2022.01.1074","article-title":"Evaluation of Clazakizumab (anti-interleukin-6) in patients with treatment-resistant chronic active antibody-mediated rejection of kidney allografts","volume":"7","author":"Jordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020071106","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of anti-IL-6 antibody Clazakizumab in late antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection","volume":"32","author":"Doberer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003274","article-title":"Change in estimated GFR and risk of allograft failure in patients diagnosed with late active antibody-mediated rejection following kidney transplantation","volume":"105","author":"Irish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017050589","article-title":"Complement-activating anti-HLA antibodies in kidney transplantation: Allograft gene expression profiling and response to treatment","volume":"29","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000592","article-title":"A phase I\/II placebo-controlled trial of C1-inhibitor for prevention of antibody-mediated rejection in HLA sensitized patients","volume":"99","author":"Vo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13871","article-title":"Plasma-derived C1 esterase inhibitor for acute antibody-mediated rejection following kidney transplantation: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Montgomery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003496","article-title":"Imlifidase desensitization in crossmatch-positive, highly sensitized kidney transplant recipients: Results of an international phase 2 trial (Highdes)","volume":"105","author":"Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01418-5","article-title":"Imlifidase: first approval","volume":"80","author":"Al-Salama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.111213","article-title":"Evolution of anti-MICA antibodies after imlifidase infusion for a high immunological risk kidney transplantation","volume":"86","author":"Beaudrey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaf283","article-title":"One tool, multiple gains: anti-CD38 therapy in antibody-mediated rejection","volume":"18","author":"Eti\u00e8ve","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2016.08.009","article-title":"Angiotensin II type-1 receptor antibody (AT1Rab) associated humoral rejection and the effect of peri operative plasma exchange and candesartan","volume":"77","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3500-8","article-title":"Acute kidney transplant rejection mediated by angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies in a pediatric hyperimmune patient","volume":"32","author":"Guzzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2019.04.005","article-title":"Proactive treatment of angiotensin receptor antibodies in kidney transplantation with plasma exchange and\/or candesartan is safe and associated with excellent graft survival at 4 years: A single centre Australian experience","volume":"80","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1832945\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:39:22Z","timestamp":1784090362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1832945\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":153,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1832945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1832945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"article-number":"1832945"}}