{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:47:04Z","timestamp":1793836024648,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder characterized as a T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced by cutaneous exposure to haptens. Its pathogenesis unfolds through three distinct phases: sensitization, elicitation, and resolution. During sensitization, hapten-modified proteins are processed by dendritic cells, particularly Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, which migrate to lymph nodes to prime naive T cells. Pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and the NLRP3 inflammasome, critically regulate this innate-adaptive interface. The elicitation phase involves hapten-specific Th1 and Th17 cells orchestrating inflammation through cytotoxicity and cytokine release. Conversely, resolution relies on regulatory T cells and IL-10 and TGF-beta signaling to restore tissue homeostasis. Emerging immunomodulators such as vitamin D exhibit dose-dependent regulatory effects potentially influenced by sex-specific factors and U-shaped associations. Despite significant advances, critical gaps persist regarding tissue-resident memory T cells and precise sensitization thresholds. Integrating immunology, neurobiology, and metabolomics may advance precision therapies targeting pathways like NLRP12 or ultraviolet-induced vitamin D synthesis. This review summarizes current progress in elucidating the immunopathogenesis of ACD and highlights emerging mechanisms that may support the development of more precise and effective therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1835083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:55:11Z","timestamp":1778651711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunopathogenesis and immunoregulatory mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Guangyuan","place":["Guangyuan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ezhou Central Hospital","place":["Ezhou, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Guangyuan","place":["Guangyuan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Chongren County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Guangyuan","place":["Guangyuan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunjie","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Guangyuan","place":["Guangyuan, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dazhou Central Hospital","place":["Dazhou, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ezhou Central Hospital","place":["Ezhou, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105282","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: from pathophysiology to development of new preventive strategies","volume":"162","author":"Brites","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Immunology of allergic contact dermatitis","volume":"19","author":"Juraki\u0107 Ton\u010di\u0107","year":"2011"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0846-8","article-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. 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