{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:17:06Z","timestamp":1787026626308,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malaria pathogenesis involves both parasite burden and host inflammatory and oxidative stress responses that contribute to haematological alterations. Full blood count (FBC)-derived indices have been explored as accessible surrogate biomarkers, reflecting systemic inflammatory changes; however, they provide limited mechanistic insight into underlying haem-driven oxidative stress pathways. Haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) reflects cellular responses to free haem, while interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates systemic inflammation. However, their combined role in relation to parasitaemia and haematological alterations in endemic populations remains insufficiently defined. This study evaluated plasma HO-1 and IL-6 as complementary host-response biomarkers in a hospital-based malaria-endemic population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted at Covenant University Medical Centre (CUMC), Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 647 individuals were screened, and 304 participants with complete microscopy and haematological data were retained in the analytical cohort (152 microscopy-positive and 152 microscopy-negative). An integrated biomarker subset of 40 participants with matched plasma samples and complete laboratory data was used for ELISA, correlation, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Group comparisons used Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests, categorical variables were compared using chi-square or Fisher exact tests, and associations were assessed using Spearman correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the analytical cohort, microscopy-positive participants had lower haemoglobin, haematocrit, red-cell count, mean cell indices, and platelet counts, together with higher temperature and white-cell counts than microscopy-negative participants (all p&amp;lt; 0.001 for the major contrasts). Fever and anaemia were also substantially more frequent in microscopy-positive participants. In the biomarker subset, IL-6 was significantly higher in malaria-positive participants than malaria-negative participants (median 141.28 vs 106.58 pg\/mL; p = 0.027), whereas HO-1 showed a non-significant upward shift (230.98 vs 193.73 ng\/mL; p = 0.131). IL-6 correlated positively with HO-1 (rho = 0.702, p&amp;lt; 0.001), parasitaemia (rho = 0.387, p = 0.015), and temperature (rho = 0.432, p = 0.006), and negatively with haemoglobin (rho = -0.417, p = 0.008). ROC analysis showed moderate discriminatory performance for IL-6 and lower performance for HO-1. IL-6 yielded an AUC of 0.709 (95% CI 0.531\u20130.874), with sensitivity of 72.7% and specificity of 76.5% at the Youden-optimal threshold. HO-1 yielded an AUC of 0.641 (95% CI 0.440\u20130.826), while the combined IL-6 + HO-1 model yielded an AUC of 0.687 (95% CI 0.461\u20130.886).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-6 showed better discriminatory performance than HO-1 in this cohort, while HO-1 demonstrated only modest and non-significant differences between groups. These findings suggest that IL-6 may be a more informative adjunct inflammatory marker in malaria, whereas the role of HO-1 requires further validation in larger studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1835939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1778819242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma haem oxygenase-1 and interleukin-6 as adjunct host biomarkers associated with malaria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Wakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication\u2013Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE)","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irrinus","family":"Kintung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication\u2013Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE)","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Temitayo","family":"Ogundimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication\u2013Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE)","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Chinedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Covenant University Public Health and Wellbeing Research Cluster (CUPHWERC), Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University","place":["Ota, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1002999","article-title":"Confronting malaria \u2013 addressing a critical health crisis among vulnerable groups in Nigeria","volume-title":"Neglected tropical diseases - 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