{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:55:39Z","timestamp":1781758539648,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T and B cells are central to adaptive immunity, where they identify and neutralize foreign antigens and cancer neo\u2212antigens. Large\u2212scale elucidation of T\u2212 and B\u2212cell receptors (TCRs and BCRs) through immune\u2212repertoire sequencing promises novel diagnostics, prognostic markers, and therapeutic strategies. However, progress is hampered by small cohort sizes, a lack of real\u2212world patient diversity, and heterogeneous sample processing, impeding cross\u2212study comparability. To overcome these limitations, here we introduce the Human Blood Immunome Encyclopedia (HuBIE), comprising immune\u2212repertoire data from 2,614 samples collected from 1,941 participants. The cohort includes a range of bloodstream infections, several cancer types, and control participants, with many individuals providing longitudinal samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed Roche\u2019s immune receptor Primer Extension Target Enrichment (immunoPETE) platform to perform simultaneous targeted sequencing of T and B cells heavy chains including T\u2212cell receptor \u03b2 chains (TRB), T\u2212cell receptor \u03b4 chains (TRD), and immunoglobulin heavy chains (IGH), thereby profiling TCRs and BCRs in all participants. We examined various aspects of the immune repertoire such as diversity, gene usage, chain fractions, and CDR3 features to provide a comprehensive description of immune\u2212repertoire in cancer and bloodstream infections and examine variations across demographic variables such as age and race.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We find significant differences in TRB and IGH composition across ethnic groups, and show that the fall in repertoire diversity with age follows distinct patterns for TRB, TRD, and IGH and is accompanied by age-related differences in VJ gene usage. Finally, we demonstrate that greater immunological diversity is associated with improved survival for elderly participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HuBIE constitutes a valuable resource for the immune\u2212repertoire community, enabling large\u2212scale mapping of the human immunome to accelerate development of diagnostics, prognostic biomarkers, and innovative therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1836543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:40:59Z","timestamp":1781757659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HuBIE: The human blood immunome encyclopedia of TCRs and BCRs in bloodstream infections and cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vahid","family":"Akbari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSI Roche Diagnostics Solutions","place":["Pleasanton, CA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michie","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schlecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Molecular Systems","place":["Pleasanton, CA, United 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Ashok","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Balallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devanshee","family":"Sanghvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarini","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United 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