{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1780635932123,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      displays a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations characterized by an inflammatory Th1 response that leads to the development of skin lesions. In endemic areas of\n                      <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, individuals who present a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction and\/or IFN-\u03b3 production to soluble\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen (SLA) without presenting or having a history of leishmaniasis are considered to have subclinical (SC) infection. SC subjects produce less IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 as compared to CL subjects but control infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study proposed experiments to elucidate the involvement of phagosome formation in the control of intracellular parasites in macrophages (M\u00d8) from SC individuals. The hypothesis of the study is that SC M\u00d8 present more quickly and effectively phagosome formation against intracellular parasites compared to CL M\u00d8.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monocyte-derived M\u00d8 were infected using calcein-labeled\n                      <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes to determine parasite death and lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1) (CD107a\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) expression via flow cytometry to evaluate phagosome formation. The frequency of cells containing dead parasites and vesicle formation markers was determined via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      killing was observed during the initial stages of infection (2 and 4 hours), maintaining this effective control even after 48 hours of infection. SC M\u00d8 exhibit higher expression of LAMP-1 during the initial events of infection as compared with cells from CL subjects and a lower number of viable parasites during the kinetics of infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SC M\u00d8 can form phagosomes more quickly and for longer periods, providing effective parasite control, compared to CL M\u00d8.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1837240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:37:44Z","timestamp":1780634264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid phagosome formation drives parasite control in subclinical Leishmania braziliensis infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caic","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Rocha dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio T.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Bacellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00edgico (CNPq)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00f5es (MCTI)","place":["Bahia, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00edgico (CNPq)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00f5es (MCTI)","place":["Bahia, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Research (LAPEC), Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Immunology Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00edgico (CNPq)\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00f5es (MCTI)","place":["Bahia, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago 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