{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:53:23Z","timestamp":1781844803883,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neonatal respiratory infections remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet there is still little information about the role of B cell populations in the respiratory tract. CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B220\n                    <jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>\n                    are B cells that are found in neonatal lungs, and antibiotic treatment of pregnant females and their offspring reduced the number of these cells and modified their VH immunoglobulin repertoire. Activation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    by the TLR2 (PAM3 and FSL1) and TLR4 (LPS) ligands induced proliferation and differentiation of neonatal B cells in the lung and spleen, generating CD138\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells and releasing IgM, IgG1 and small amounts of IgA, as well as several cytokines. A higher frequency of CD138\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells was observed within both purified CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B220\n                    <jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B220\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    populations following\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    TLR2\/TLR1 stimulation with PAM3. The lung cultures adopted an inflammatory cytokine profile (TNF-\u03b1, IL1-\u03b1, IL6), as opposed to the regulatory profile (IL10) of spleen cultures. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that neonatal lung and spleen CD19\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B220\n                    <jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells can sense the microbiota via both TLR2 and TLR4, thereby promoting their activation and differentiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:29:29Z","timestamp":1781843369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neonatal CD19+B220lo cells sense microbiota via TLR2\/4 activation driving proliferation and differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ruiz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Unit, Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Majadahonda, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Cortegano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Unit, Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Majadahonda, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Unit, Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Majadahonda, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Sanchez-Tarjuelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Unit, Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Majadahonda, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Arrabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology Unit, Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","place":["Majadahonda, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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