{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:27:43Z","timestamp":1786429663755,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most diagnosed malignancies worldwide and continues to rank among the leading causes of cancer-related death. Cancer progression involves dynamic transcriptional and immunological changes, and although many key molecular alterations driving CRC progression have been described, stage-specific differences remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize transcriptomic changes in Hispanics living in Puerto Rico (PRH) to identify relevant pathways, target genes, and stage-specific immune and molecular signatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from colorectal tissues, including early-stage CRC (stages I &amp;amp; II), advanced-stage CRC (stage III only), and adjacent mucosal tissue, to elucidate key mechanisms that modulate CRC progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns across stages, with a total of 1666 and 1955 differentially expressed genes at early and advanced stages, respectively. Early-stage CRC was significantly enriched for biological pathways associated with immune regulation, including cytokine signaling, epithelial barrier function, and tissue repair mechanisms, reflected in part by activation of components of the Wnt signaling pathway. In contrast, advanced-stage (stage III) CRC displayed immunosuppressive transcriptional profiles and activation of tumor-promoting pathways, including TNF signaling, enhancement of IL-17 and Wnt signaling pathways, NF-\u03baB signaling, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stromal remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathway enrichment analyses supported a shift from immune engagement and matrix remodeling in early CRC to immune evasion and pro-metastatic programs in advanced-stage disease (comprised of stage III; metastatic stage IV was not sampled). While Wnt signaling components were differentially expressed across stages, they appeared as part of a broader network of developmental and inflammatory signals driving progression. This study provides preliminary transcriptomic evidence to inform stage-specific biomarker discovery in PRH CRC that warrants further validation in larger cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:35:00Z","timestamp":1786426500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated transcriptomic profiling reveals immune and molecular stage-specific signatures of colorectal cancer in hispanics living in Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Camille N.","family":"Zen\u00f3n-Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila N.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]},{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakshi N.","family":"Ort\u00edz-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilmaris","family":"Centeno-Girona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba V.","family":"Caraballo-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Shared Resources and Scientific Operations, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]},{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center","place":["San Juan, Puerto Rico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.70043","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2026","volume":"76","author":"Siegel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"C\u00e1ncer en Puerto Rico, 2018\u20112022","author":"Torres\u2011Cintr\u00f3n","year":"2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2025.100693","article-title":"Early-onset colorectal cancer survival by race and ethnicity in a large community-based insured population","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0423","article-title":"Trends and factors associated with fecal occult blood test utilization among Hispanic adults in Puerto Rico and the United States: BRFSS 2012-2020","volume":"16","author":"Castaneda-Avila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.54.6.295","article-title":"The staging of colorectal cancer: 2004 and beyond","volume":"54","author":"Compton","year":"2004","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70851","article-title":"Disparities in colorectal cancer incidence trends among Hispanics living in Puerto Rico (2000-2021): A comparison with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database","volume":"14","author":"Borrero-Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323703","article-title":"Genomic evolution and diverse models of systemic metastases in colorectal cancer","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01953-7","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer: pathogenesis and targeted therapy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5539\/cco.v5n2p29","article-title":"Colorectal cancer survival disparities among Puerto Rican Hispanics: A comparison to racial\/ethnic groups in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Gonzalez-Pons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.7.754","article-title":"Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer","volume":"298","author":"Meyerhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i2.174","article-title":"Prognostic value of innate and adaptive immunity in colorectal cancer","volume":"19","author":"Grizzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2022.1610502","article-title":"The role of tumor microenvironment and immune response in colorectal cancer development and prognosis","volume":"28","author":"Wozniakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5888","article-title":"Molecular profiling of colorectal cancer in a genetically admixed Hispanic population","volume":"12","author":"Montes-Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29286-7_3","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer Disparities in Latinos: Genes vs. Environment","volume-title":"Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos [Internet]","author":"Gonzalez\u2011Pons","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198809013190901","article-title":"Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development","volume":"319","author":"Vogelstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21772","article-title":"Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02142-w","article-title":"Wnt signaling pathways in biology and disease: mechanisms and therapeutic advances","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.03.004","article-title":"Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: Their functions and regulations","author":"Itoh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.07.001","article-title":"TGFbeta in cancer","volume":"134","author":"Massague","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.03.24316599","article-title":"Integrative multi\u2011omics profiling of colorectal cancer from a Hispanic\/Latino cohort of patients","volume-title":"medRxiv [Preprint]","author":"Waldrup","year":"2024"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/436307","article-title":"Interleukin-17: a promoter in colorectal cancer progression","volume":"2013","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000070112.80711.3D","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistry","volume":"92","author":"Visse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/rrb.S12043","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases - an overview","volume":"1","author":"Sekhon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Rep Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2014.965047","article-title":"Colorectal cancer severity and survival in correlation with tumour necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"28","author":"Stanilov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15030338","article-title":"miRNA as a biomarker for the early detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Coleman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00728-1","article-title":"Discovery of prognostic lncRNAs in colorectal cancer using spatial transcriptomics","volume":"8","author":"Pinkney","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.22.00245","article-title":"Implementation of whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing into clinical cancer care","volume":"6","author":"Cuppen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103991","article-title":"Identification of blood protein biomarkers for breast cancer staging by integrative transcriptome and proteome analyses","volume":"230","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010037","article-title":"Biomarkers in cancer detection, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030168","article-title":"Differential gene expression between African American and European American colorectal cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Jovov","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-023-00433-5","article-title":"Molecular disparities in colorectal cancers of White Americans, Alabama African Americans, and Oklahoma American Indians","volume":"7","author":"Yamada","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3753","article-title":"Differential immune signatures in the tumor microenvironment are associated with colon cancer racial disparities","volume":"10","author":"Curran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2020.07.581","article-title":"Differences in immune gene expression profiles of colorectal cancer between African-American and European-American patients","volume":"231","author":"Ramsay Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surgeons"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgw046","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of colorectal cancer in Hispanics","volume":"37","author":"Schmit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.002","article-title":"The procurement, storage, and quality assurance of frozen blood and tissue biospecimens in pathology, biorepository, and biobank settings","volume":"47","author":"Shabihkhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-019-09782-7","article-title":"Establishing a correlation between RIN and A(260\/280) along with the multivariate evaluation of factors affecting the quality of RNA in cryopreserved cancer bio-specimen","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","article-title":"RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2024"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Integrated Development Environment for R","year":"2023"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-46","article-title":"Aberrant gene expression in mucosa adjacent to tumor reveals a molecular crosstalk in colon cancer","volume":"13","author":"Sanz-Pamplona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.10.018","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling in development and disease","volume":"127","author":"Clevers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00029.2013","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9: Many shades of function in cardiovascular disease","volume":"28","author":"Yabluchanskiy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol (Bethesda)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25501","article-title":"TGFbeta attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells","volume":"554","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-04117-1","article-title":"Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification: a progress towards subtype-driven treatments in colorectal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kantha","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2019.4833","article-title":"Integrating proteomics and transcriptomics for the identification of potential targets in early colorectal cancer","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09931-4","article-title":"An integrative transcriptome analysis reveals potential predictive, prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Samadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.08.011","article-title":"APC and oncogenic KRAS are synergistic in enhancing Wnt signaling in intestinal tumor formation and progression","volume":"131","author":"Janssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.416","article-title":"Oncogenic KRAS signalling promotes the Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway through LRP6 in colorectal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Lemieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030453","article-title":"Cross-talk between p53 and Wnt signaling in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-040320-103615","article-title":"The Wnt pathway: From signaling mechanisms to synthetic modulators","volume":"91","author":"Rim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01341","article-title":"Emerging roles of Wnt ligands in human colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0910","article-title":"A protective role for matrix metalloproteinase-3 in squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"64","author":"McCawley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11203","article-title":"Wnt signalling is a bi-directional vulnerability of cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Duffy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4233","article-title":"Can we safely target the WNT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Kahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02306-w","article-title":"Wnt signaling in cancer: From biomarkers to targeted therapies and clinical translation","volume":"24","author":"Tufail","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01248","article-title":"Multiple targets of the canonical WNT\/beta-catenin signaling in cancers","volume":"9","author":"Lecarpentier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7809216","article-title":"PPARdelta: A potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic hypertension","volume":"2019","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-2627","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 screening identifies KRAS-induced COX2 as a driver of immunotherapy resistance in lung cancer","volume":"84","author":"Boumelha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-025-01549-w","article-title":"The roles of mutant p53 in reprogramming and inflammation in breast cancers","volume":"32","author":"Kummar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-20-0308","article-title":"A TGFbeta-dependent stromal subset underlies immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in DNA mismatch repair-deficient\/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer","volume":"18","author":"Endo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61273-y","article-title":"Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of Taiwanese colorectal cancer implicates an ethnic basis for pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21169","article-title":"Comparative molecular analyses of left-sided colon right-sided colon, and rectal cancers","volume":"8","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00892-y","article-title":"Multidimensional differences of right- and left-sided colorectal cancer and their impact on targeted therapies","volume":"9","author":"Abdel Hamid","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3763","article-title":"Field cancerisation in colorectal cancer: A new frontier or pastures past","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/got039","article-title":"Field cancerization in the colon: A role for aberrant DNA methylation","volume":"2","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf)"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J For Clin"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16233903","article-title":"WNT and TGF-beta pathway alterations in early-onset colorectal cancer among Hispanic\/Latino populations","volume":"16","author":"Monge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.05.24318588","article-title":"Assessment of MYC gene and WNT pathway alterations in early-onset colorectal cancer among Hispanic\/Latino patients using integrated multi-omics approaches","author":"Carranza","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838210\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1786426503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838210\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"1838210"}}