{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:15:26Z","timestamp":1788272126417,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed of cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix, which significantly influences the initiation, progression, and therapeutic response of cancer. Emerging evidence indicates a crucial interaction between the nervous and immune systems within the TME, forming a \u201cneuro-immune axis\u201d that profoundly impacts tumor biology. This review not only synthesizes current knowledge on this critical bidirectional crosstalk but also offers a fresh perspective by critically evaluating underappreciated aspects such as the neural differentiation of cancer stem cells and the challenges in translating preclinical findings into clinical therapies. On one hand, tumor cells actively promote nerve recruitment and remodeling through tumor innervation, neurogenesis, and perineural invasion. In turn, neural signals-including adrenergic, cholinergic, and sensory neuropeptides-orchestrate immunosuppression by modulating key immune cell populations such as T cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Consequently, neural signaling promotes immune escape, tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. This review further critically evaluates the translational potential of targeting these neuro-immune interactions, highlighting combination strategies designed to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:30:45Z","timestamp":1788269445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The neuro-immune axis in cancer: mechanisms of neural regulation of immunity within the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhifan","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"The Sixth Clinical Medical School, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenghong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216894","article-title":"Unraveling the tumor microenvironment: Insights into cancer metastasis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"591","author":"El-Tanani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12416","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment signaling and therapeutics in cancer progression","volume":"43","author":"Goenka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Commun"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1472772","article-title":"Advances in targeting tumor microenvironment for immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: New findings and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1343523","article-title":"Dynamic interactions in the tumor niche: How the cross-talk between CAFs and the tumor microenvironment impacts resistance to therapy","volume":"11","author":"Piwocka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00549-7","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of tumor-associated macrophage heterogeneity: Insights into the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"biomark Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01931-7","article-title":"Deciphering tumor microenvironment: CXCL9 and SPP1 as crucial determinants of tumor-associated macrophage polarity and prognostic indicators","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116930","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment: Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials","volume":"177","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216837","article-title":"The emerging role of lactate in tumor microenvironment and its clinical relevance","volume":"590","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01304-w","article-title":"Targeting metabolism to enhance immunotherapy within tumor microenvironment","volume":"45","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02241-8","article-title":"Neuro-immune crosstalk in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"10","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-20-2793","article-title":"Cancer-associated neurogenesis and nerve-cancer cross-talk","volume":"81","author":"Silverman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-23-0397","article-title":"Nerves at play: The peripheral nervous system in extracranial Malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Vermeer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0237-2","article-title":"Nerves in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zahalka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00930-9","article-title":"Targeting tumor innervation: Premises, promises, and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049729","article-title":"Understanding and modeling nerve-cancer interactions","volume":"16","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis Models Mech"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0205-z","article-title":"Tumor-induced neurogenesis and immune evasion as targets of innovative anti-cancer therapies","volume":"5","author":"Cervantes-Villagrana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09370-8","article-title":"Cancer-induced nerve injury promotes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy","author":"Baruch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02413-8","article-title":"Neurotransmitters: An emerging target for therapeutic resistance to tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(21)00596-9","article-title":"Therapeutic avenues for cancer neuroscience: Translational frontiers and clinical opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci147276","article-title":"Tumor innervation: Peripheral nerves take control of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"131","author":"Gysler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05374-w","article-title":"Nociceptor neurons affect cancer immunosurveillance","volume":"611","author":"Balood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49824-7","article-title":"The neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide shapes an immunosuppressive microenvironment in medullary thyroid cancer","volume":"15","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00450-y","article-title":"Role of the nervous system in cancers: A review","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.218070","article-title":"The neuro-immune oncology axis","volume":"634","author":"Vanden Abeele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.cd-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: New dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2016.36","article-title":"Neurons generated from carcinoma stem cells support cancer progression","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Targeted Ther"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06640-0","article-title":"Cancer exosomes induce tumor innervation","volume":"9","author":"Madeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-18-3995","article-title":"Exosomal induction of tumor innervation","volume":"79","author":"Vermeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-18-3872","article-title":"Melanoma-induced reprogramming of schwann cell signaling aids tumor growth","volume":"79","author":"Shurin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023","DOI":"10.3889\/seejim.2025.6086","article-title":"Schwann cells and the neuro-immune axis in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Shurin","year":"2025","journal-title":"South East Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.26481\/dis.20230524xt","article-title":"Nerve fibers in the tumor microenvironment in neurotropic cancer-pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030256","article-title":"Tumor neurobiology in the pathogenesis and therapy of head and neck cancer","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650117","article-title":"Perineural invasion and the \u201ccold\u201d tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: Mechanisms of crosstalk and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"2025.09.19.677339","article-title":"Cancer-induced nerve injury unveils a sympathetic-to-sensory nerve axis in head and neck cancer","author":"Martel Matos","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211604","article-title":"Neural control of immune cell trafficking","volume":"219","author":"Mueller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2020.07.919","article-title":"Adrenergic stress constrains the development of anti-tumor immunity and abscopal responses following local radiation","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-20-0445","article-title":"Chronic adrenergic stress contributes to metabolic dysfunction and an exhausted phenotype in t cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.sabcs19-p3-01-02","article-title":"\u03b22 adrenergic receptor-mediated signaling regulates the immunosuppressive potential of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"129","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103505118","article-title":"VLM catecholaminergic neurons control tumor growth by regulating CD8 + t cells","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-024-01544-7","article-title":"Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: Mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.cir-18-0833","article-title":"Blockade of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors improves CD8+ t-cell priming and cancer vaccine efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Daher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02170-0","article-title":"Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors reduces cancer growth and enhances the response to anti-CTLA4 therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Fj\u00e6stad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025428118","article-title":"Human-relevant near-organ neuromodulation of the immune system via the splenic nerve","volume":"118","author":"Doneg\u00e0","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07469-y","article-title":"A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses","volume":"630","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00724-y","article-title":"Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation in cancer: therapeutic implications","volume":"31","author":"Kamiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Autonomic Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02441-4","article-title":"The role of acetylcholine and its receptors in tumor immune regulation: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn3760","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation modulates distinct acetylcholine receptors on b cells and limits the germinal center response","volume":"10","author":"Kurata-Sato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1335387","article-title":"From pain to tumor immunity: influence of peripheral sensory neurons in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Mardelle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15770-3","article-title":"Midkine activation of CD8+ t cells establishes a neuron-immune-cancer axis responsible for low-grade glioma growth","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1507283","article-title":"CD8+ t cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adi4191","article-title":"A lactate-SREBP2 signaling axis drives tolerogenic dendritic cell maturation and promotes cancer progression","volume":"9","author":"Plebanek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00731-2","article-title":"Efferocytosis reprograms the tumor microenvironment to promote pancreatic cancer liver metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Astuti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10517","article-title":"Neural innervation stimulates splenic TFF2 to arrest myeloid cell expansion and cancer","volume":"7","author":"Dubeykovskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12596","article-title":"Dysfunction of dendritic cells in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.07.071","article-title":"Dendritic cells direct circadian anti-tumor immune responses","volume":"614","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-090122-050842","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in anticancer immunity: mechanisms and treatment opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Pick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.35","article-title":"B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity","volume":"14","author":"Sarvaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052929","article-title":"Neutrophils at the crossroads: unraveling the multifaceted role in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"25","author":"Awasthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.01.020","article-title":"Pancreatic melatonin enhances anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma through regulating tumor-associated neutrophils infiltration and NETosis","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-24-1779","article-title":"Neural circuitries between the brain and peripheral solid tumors","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci167725","article-title":"A brain-tumor neural circuit controls breast cancer progression in mice","volume":"133","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.67535","article-title":"Stimulation of hypothalamic oxytocin neurons suppresses colorectal cancer progression in mice","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05283-5","article-title":"Modulation of anti-tumor immunity by the brain\u2019s reward system","volume":"9","author":"Ben-Shaanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-19-0566","article-title":"Cancer and the circadian clock","volume":"79","author":"Shafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4530","article-title":"Circadian disruption promotes tumor-immune microenvironment remodeling favoring tumor cell proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Aiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16890-6","article-title":"Chronic circadian disruption modulates breast cancer stemness and immune microenvironment to drive metastasis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Hadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-00957-y","article-title":"Autonomic modulation of the immune response and implications for CNS Malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Wachsmuth","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.18.431915","article-title":"Glioblastoma remodeling of human neural circuits decreases survival","volume":"617","author":"Krishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12539","article-title":"Immunologic tumor microenvironment modulators for turning cold tumors hot","volume":"44","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36325-2","article-title":"Dissecting the immune suppressive human prostate tumor microenvironment via integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses","volume":"14","author":"Hirz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-110519-071134","article-title":"Insights gained from single-cell analysis of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-23-2650","article-title":"The web-based portal SpatialTME integrates histological images with single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to explore the tumor microenvironment","volume":"84","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122463","article-title":"Nano-enhanced immunotherapy: Targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment","volume":"305","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c14005","article-title":"Nanomedicine remodels tumor microenvironment for solid tumor immunotherapy","volume":"146","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.s459710","article-title":"Smart nanoplatforms responding to the tumor microenvironment for precise drug delivery in cancer therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023021002","article-title":"Genetic mechanisms underlying tumor microenvironment composition and function in diffuse large b-cell lymphoma","volume":"143","author":"Cerchietti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838430\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:30:47Z","timestamp":1788269447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838430\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1838430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"1838430"}}