{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:54:46Z","timestamp":1781848486475,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases and neurocognitive disorders increasingly appear to share a common and underappreciated contributor: the viral-immune axis in the brain. This review presents current evidence linking neurotropic viruses and host antiviral immunity to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration and neurocognitive dysfunction. We explore how viral infections, particularly by Herpesviruses, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus, disrupt neural homeostasis through neuroinflammation, amyloidosis, tauopathy, and autophagy dysregulation in neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Simultaneously, host antiviral mechanisms, including type I interferons and interferon regulatory factors, often amplify neuronal damage when dysregulated. By examining viral and immune interactions within the neurodegenerative diseases, this review aims to broaden our understanding of the viral-immune axis in the brain and inspire novel approaches to prevention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:47:24Z","timestamp":1781848044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From infection to dysfunction: viral triggers and antiviral immune factors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ok Sarah","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Korea 21 (BK21) Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Vaccine Innovation Center, College of Medicine, Korea University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Yeun","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University","place":["Suwon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.02.006","article-title":"The neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.003","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus-1 in the brain: The dark side of a sneaky infection","volume":"28","author":"Marcocci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ado6430","article-title":"Repetitive injury induces phenotypes associated with Alzheimer's disease by reactivating HSV-1 in a human brain tissue model","volume":"18","author":"Cairns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1245904","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the role of herpes simplex virus 1 in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14548","article-title":"Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8320-7","article-title":"Infectious agents and neurodegeneration","volume":"46","author":"De Chiara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.015","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogen invasion into the central nervous system","volume":"103","author":"Cain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.140","article-title":"Keeping it in check: Chronic viral infection and antiviral immunity in the brain","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1044721","article-title":"Antiviral response within different cell types of the CNS","volume":"13","author":"Telikani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1966.29.4.768","article-title":"Physiological properties of glial cells in the central nervous system of amphibia","volume":"29","author":"Kuffler","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048975","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in antiviral innate immunity","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020183","article-title":"Epigenetic restriction factors (eRFs) in virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412258121","article-title":"The HUSH epigenetic repressor complex silences PML nuclear body-associated HSV-1 quiescent genomes","volume":"121","author":"Roubille","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002852","article-title":"HSV-1 genome subnuclear positioning and associations with host-cell PML-NBs and centromeres regulate LAT locus transcription during latency in neurons","volume":"8","author":"Catez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0382-3","article-title":"Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulation of viral replication","volume":"18","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46057-6","article-title":"Neuronal miR-9 promotes HSV-1 epigenetic silencing and latency by repressing Oct-1 and Onecut family genes","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.03.004","article-title":"A neuron-specific host microRNA targets herpes simplex virus-1 ICP0 expression and promotes latency","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2229","article-title":"Intrinsic antiviral immunity","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2194","article-title":"The Drosophila systemic immune response: Sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"Ferrandon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0151-1","article-title":"DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Motwani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003124","article-title":"IFITM proteins restrict viral membrane hemifusion","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2021.0585","article-title":"The innate immunity protein IFITM3 modulates gamma-secretase in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"586","author":"Hur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-220061","article-title":"Interaction mechanism between the HSV-1 glycoprotein B and the antimicrobial peptide amyloid-beta","volume":"6","author":"Bourgade","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.09.077","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infection causes cellular beta-amyloid accumulation and secretase upregulation","volume":"429","author":"Wozniak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2449","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques","volume":"217","author":"Wozniak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007617","article-title":"Recurrent herpes simplex virus-1 infection induces hallmarks of neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits in mice","volume":"15","author":"De Chiara","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12008","article-title":"Interaction between APOE4 and herpes simplex virus type 1 in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"16","author":"Linard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01532-2","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus, early neuroimaging markers and incidence of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"11","author":"Linard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-093946","article-title":"Association between herpes simplex virus type 1 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1708714","article-title":"Acute viral encephalitis","volume":"379","author":"Tyler","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000554","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus encephalitis update","volume":"32","author":"Stahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642021dn15-020002","article-title":"Dementia and cognitive impairment in adults as sequels of HSV-1-related encephalitis: A review","volume":"15","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dementia Neuropsychol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07038-7","article-title":"The association between varicella zoster virus and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"45","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1941","article-title":"Risk of dementia following herpes zoster infection among patients undertreatment versus those not: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Thapa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08800-x","article-title":"A natural experiment on the effect of herpes zoster vaccination on dementia","volume":"641","author":"Eyting","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03201-5","article-title":"The recombinant shingles vaccine is associated with lower risk of dementia","volume":"30","author":"Taquet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-022-01109-9","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection induces Alzheimer's disease-associated alterations in tau","volume":"29","author":"Mody","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adz1686","article-title":"Persistent microglial activation following neonatal CMV infection mediates neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"McCord","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03764-2","article-title":"Brain fog of post-COVID-19 condition and chronic fatigue syndrome, same medical disorder","volume":"20","author":"Azcue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(20)30287-x","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: A UK-wide surveillance study","volume":"7","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(24)00214-1","article-title":"Cognitive and psychiatric symptom trajectories 2-3 years after hospital admission for COVID-19: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study in the UK","volume":"11","author":"Taquet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03426-4","article-title":"Plasma proteomic evidence for increased beta-amyloid pathology after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"31","author":"Duff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-220717","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 with new-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(24)00178-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection as a cause of neurodegeneration","volume":"23","author":"Bonhenry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65597-z","article-title":"Distinct brain alterations and neurodegenerative processes in cognitive impairment associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0721-5","article-title":"HIV-1 associated encephalopathy and myelopathy","volume":"249","author":"Eggers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B48","volume-title":"HIV-1 encephalopathy and Aids dementia complex","author":"Kopstein","year":"2025"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02703676","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 associated neurodegeneration","volume":"30","author":"Ozdener","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.5.812","article-title":"Risk factors for cognitive impairment in HIV-1-infected persons with different risk behaviors","volume":"59","author":"De Ronchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600915339","article-title":"Lowest ever CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4 nadir) as a predictor of current cognitive and neurological status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection--the Hawaii aging with HIV cohort","volume":"12","author":"Valcour","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000438867.67777.69","article-title":"HIV peripheral neuropathy and foot care management: a review of assessment and relevant guidelines","volume":"113","author":"Anastasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration","volume":"173","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.105953","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of mitophagy via ALT001 improves herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1)-mediated microglial inflammation and promotes amyloid beta phagocytosis by restricting HSV1 infection","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03166-9","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus 1 accelerates the progression of Alzheimer's disease by modulating microglial phagocytosis and activating NLRP3 pathway","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci136824","article-title":"Brain immune cells undergo cGAS\/STING-dependent apoptosis during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection to limit type I IFN production","volume":"131","author":"Reinert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13348","article-title":"Sensing of HSV-1 by the cGAS-STING pathway in microglia orchestrates antiviral defence in the CNS","volume":"7","author":"Reinert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01631","article-title":"NLRP3, NLRP12, and IFI16 inflammasomes induction and caspase-1 activation triggered by virulent HSV-1 strains are associated with severe corneal inflammatory herpetic disease","volume":"10","author":"Coulon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01783-21","article-title":"The astrocyte type I interferon response is essential for protection against herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"96","author":"Hayes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22689","article-title":"Microglia-induced IL-6 protects against neuronal loss following HSV-1 infection of neural progenitor cells","volume":"62","author":"Chucair-Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1360-9","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus differentially alters morphology and suppresses proinflammatory cytokines in primary human spinal cord and hippocampal astrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Bubak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01786-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 promotes microglial synapse elimination in human brain organoids","volume":"27","author":"Samudyata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01091-22","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of microglia elicits proinflammatory activation and apoptotic cell death","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112189","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice","volume":"42","author":"Fontes-Dantas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02308-22","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 mediates SARS-CoV-2 infection of astrocytes in brain organoids, inducing inflammation leading to dysfunction and death of neurons","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-09864-9","article-title":"Microglia cause HIV-induced transcriptional and metabolic changes in human neural organoids","volume":"9","author":"Capendale","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01595-23","article-title":"HIV-1 infection of genetically engineered iPSC-derived central nervous system-engrafted microglia in a humanized mouse model","volume":"97","author":"Min","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.741","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy","volume":"81","author":"Selkoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00754-8","article-title":"Gamma-secretase in alzheimer's disease","volume":"54","author":"Hur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00204","article-title":"Role of tau as a microtubule-associated protein: structural and functional aspects","volume":"11","author":"Barbier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.06.008","article-title":"Tau protein phosphatases in Alzheimer's disease: the leading role of PP2A","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720510793611592","article-title":"Tau in Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies","volume":"7","author":"Iqbal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3072","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis via amyloid-beta protein accumulation","volume":"37","author":"Li Puma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115981","article-title":"Cerebral organoids for modeling of HSV-1-induced-amyloid beta associated neuropathology and phenotypic rescue","volume":"23","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay8828","article-title":"A 3D human brain-like tissue model of herpes-induced Alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Cairns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-48","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus interferes with amyloid precursor protein processing","volume":"5","author":"Shipley","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2025.106804","article-title":"Phosphorylated-tau associates with HSV-1 chromatin and correlates with nuclear speckles decondensation in low-density host chromatin regions","volume":"206","author":"D'Aiuto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01522-24","article-title":"HSV-1 infection induces phosphorylated tau propagation among neurons via extracellular vesicles","volume":"15","author":"Protto","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15444","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection induces synaptic dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons via GSK-3 activation and intraneuronal amyloid-beta protein accumulation","volume":"5","author":"Piacentini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115109","article-title":"Anti-herpetic tau preserves neurons via the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"44","author":"Hyde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.043","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease-associated beta-amyloid is rapidly seeded by Herpesviridae to protect against brain infection","volume":"100","author":"Eimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02157-0","article-title":"Phosphorylated tau exhibits antimicrobial activity capable of neutralizing herpes simplex virus 1 infectivity in human neurons","volume":"29","author":"Eimer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2016-0035","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease: the potential therapeutic role of the natural antibiotic amyloid-beta peptide","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurodegenerative Dis Manage"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12983","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: the ancient arm of the human immune system","volume":"1","author":"Wiesner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009505","article-title":"The Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide","volume":"5","author":"Soscia","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz560","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infection of primary human spinal astrocytes produces intracellular amylin, amyloid-beta, and an amyloidogenic extracellular environment","volume":"221","author":"Bubak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00830-7","article-title":"Acute zoster plasma contains elevated amyloid, correlating with Abeta42 and amylin levels, and is amyloidogenic","volume":"26","author":"Bubak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00227-w","article-title":"Cerebral spinal fluid biomarker profiles in CNS infection associated with HSV and VZV mimic patterns in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Shinomoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-022-01105-z","article-title":"Seropositivity and reactivations of HSV-1, but not of HSV-2 nor VZV, associate with altered blood-brain barrier, beta amyloid, and tau proteins in people living with HIV","volume":"29","author":"Trunfio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads5006","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 induces Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid-beta pathology in ex vivo human retinal explants and retinal organoids","volume":"11","author":"Miller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00458-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S2 subunit modulates gamma-secretase and enhances amyloid-beta production in COVID-19 neuropathy","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02692-z","article-title":"Amyloid precursor protein facilitates SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells and enhances amyloid-beta-associated pathology in APP\/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1280-17.2018","article-title":"BACE1 mediates HIV-associated and excitotoxic neuronal damage through an APP-dependent mechanism","volume":"38","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077972","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat interacts with and regulates the localization and processing of amyloid precursor protein","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100211","article-title":"HIV-1 reduces Abeta-degrading enzymatic activities in primary human mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"186","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0197-4580(04)81520-3","article-title":"HIV-1 Tat inhibits neprilysin and elevates amyloid beta","volume":"19","author":"Rempel","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01795-8","article-title":"HIV-1 counteracts an innate restriction by amyloid precursor protein resulting in neurodegeneration","volume":"8","author":"Chai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16010072","article-title":"CSF extracellular vesicle Abeta42 and tau\/Abeta42 ratio are associated with cognitive impairment in older people with HIV","volume":"16","author":"Guha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169945","article-title":"Neuronal cell death and degeneration through increased nitroxidative stress and tau phosphorylation in HIV-1 transgenic rats","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00500-0","article-title":"CCR5 antagonist reduces HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations in HIV-infected hu-PBL-NSG mice","volume":"16","author":"Bhargavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.259764","article-title":"HIV and FIV glycoproteins increase cellular tau pathology via cGMP-dependent kinase II activation","volume":"135","author":"Sathler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.29647","article-title":"Autophagy in microglia degrades extracellular beta-amyloid fibrils and regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"10","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00740-w","article-title":"Astrocytic autophagy plasticity modulates Abeta clearance and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01158-0","article-title":"Autophagy enables microglia to engage amyloid plaques and prevents microglial senescence","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2005.8.3","article-title":"Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging","volume":"8","author":"Lemasters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104705","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of mitophagy","volume":"40","author":"Onishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0206fje","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition initiates autophagy in rat hepatocytes","volume":"15","author":"Elmore","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2006.12.001","article-title":"HSV-1 ICP34.5 confers neurovirulence by targeting the Beclin 1 autophagy protein","volume":"1","author":"Orvedahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf5808","article-title":"TREM2 is down-regulated by HSV1 in microglia and involved in antiviral defense in the brain","volume":"9","author":"Fruhwurth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01158-12","article-title":"The herpes simplex virus 1 Us11 protein inhibits autophagy through its interaction with the protein kinase PKR","volume":"87","author":"Lussignol","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00497-19","article-title":"Disassembly of the TRIM23-TBK1 complex by the Us11 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 impairs autophagy","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01676-09","article-title":"Interaction of ICP34.5 with Beclin 1 modulates herpes simplex virus type 1 pathogenesis through control of CD4+ T-cell responses","volume":"83","author":"Leib","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915139116","article-title":"Inhibition of ULK1 and Beclin1 by an alpha-herpesvirus Akt-like Ser\/Thr kinase limits autophagy to stimulate virus replication","volume":"116","author":"Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27769-6_3666-1","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus-induced autophagy in human neuronal and hematopoietic cells exerts antiviral activity","volume":"96","author":"Heinz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.05.003","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Nsp8 induces mitophagy by damaging mitochondria","volume":"38","author":"Zong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.780768","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy impairment","volume":"12","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00458-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein induces neurodegeneration via affecting Golgi-mitochondria interaction","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1476810","article-title":"HIV-1 TAT-mediated microglial activation: role of mitochondrial dysfunction and defective mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Thangaraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02589-y","article-title":"Transcellular mitochondrial transfer from hypermetabolic astrocytes to neurons during cocaine and HIV-1 exposure","volume":"24","author":"Shanmughapriya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Communication Signaling CCS"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839357\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:47:26Z","timestamp":1781848046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839357\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"article-number":"1839357"}}