{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:44:38Z","timestamp":1793727878672,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Sepsis is a life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndrome often associated with immune dysregulation, multi-organ dysfunction, and high mortality. In recent years, single-cell transcriptomics has generated a wealth of data on immune cell heterogeneity, lineage reprogramming, and functional states in sepsis. However, a systematic integration and summary of immune cell subsets and regulatory mechanisms are still lacking, limiting a comprehensive understanding of dynamic immune responses and potential therapeutic targets across disease progression. This review synthesizes advances from single-cell and multi-omics studies in sepsis, highlighting myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cell differentiation and emergency granulopoiesis, immunosuppressive features of neutrophils and MDSCs, T\/NK cell exhaustion and metabolic adaptation, B cell and plasma cell reprogramming, and glial cell polarization affecting the blood-brain barrier. Key molecular mechanisms, including TLR4 acetylation, STAT3-CEBPB axis, Fu-Hp\/Mincle signaling, Treg metabolism, and the kynurenine pathway, are discussed, alongside potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets such as inflammatory CD16\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes, SRS1 neutrophils, PICS-associated T\/B cells, and polarized glial cells. This integrated perspective provides a framework for understanding systemic and central immune regulation in sepsis, underscores the importance of dynamic, multi-omics, and spatial analyses, and establishes a foundation for early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and precision immunotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T04:55:28Z","timestamp":1779944128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immune regulation and therapeutic targets in sepsis: insights from single-cell transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital)","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital)","place":["Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","article-title":"Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 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