{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:18:23Z","timestamp":1783491503342,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Porcine rotavirus is a major threat to the swine industry, yet effective vaccines are still lacking.\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacterial ghosts (\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BGs) as DNA vaccine delivery vehicles represent a promising approach, providing a safe and structurally intact platform that enhances antigen presentation and elicits intestinal mucosal immunity. To elucidate how\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BGs regulate macrophage function and amplify mucosal immune responses, we investigated the response of macrophages and the intestinal mucosal immune system to an\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BG-based DNA vaccine encoding VP7. Using genetically engineered\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BGs, we performed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    macrophage stimulation and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    oral\/intramuscular immunization in murine models, assessing phagocytic efficiency, TLR\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway activation, M1 polarization, antigen presentation, serum IgG, fecal IgA, T cell proliferation, intestinal viral load, virus neutralization, and intestinal histopathology. Compared with a naked DNA vaccine, the\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BG-based vaccine significantly enhanced phagocytosis and antigen presentation and promoted M1 polarization via the TLR\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Furthermore, oral administration of the vaccine proved superior to intramuscular injection in inducing mucosal immunity, preserving intestinal villus integrity, and enhancing antiviral protection. Collectively, this study establishes\n                    <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    BGs as an effective DNA vaccine delivery system that enhances immunogenicity by modulating macrophage function and activating mucosal immunity, and offers a promising strategy for the control of porcine rotavirus infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:55:02Z","timestamp":1783490102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacillus casei bacterial ghost-based DNA vaccine enhances the immune protection effect by stimulating macrophages to regulate intestinal mucosal immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and 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