{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:03:40Z","timestamp":1780985020510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neoantigens derived from somatic mutations exhibit high immunogenicity and specificity. However, their stochastic nature necessitates personalized vaccine design, and cancers with low tumor mutational burden often have insufficient neoantigen availability, limiting their clinical applicability. Here, we introduce RNA Editing-Induced Site-specific Neoantigen (REISN) as a strategy to remodel tumor immunogenicity by targeting predefined epitopes in widely expressed cancer\/testis and embryonic antigens, including murine P1A and human AFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We leveraged an MS2 coat protein (MCP)-ADAR-based A-to-I RNA editing system to selectively modify T cell receptor (TCR)-contact residues in major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-presented peptides derived from P1A and AFP. We further evaluated the immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy of lipid nanoparticle-formulated P1A-REISN circular RNA vaccination in immunocompetent BALB\/c mice bearing tumors with P1A-REISN induction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Site-directed RNA editing generated REISN-modified epitopes capable of activating REISN-specific na\u00efve T cells. Vaccination with lipid nanoparticle-formulated P1A-REISN circular RNA elicited potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses and suppressed tumor growth in immunocompetent BALB\/c mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide proof-of-concept that site-directed RNA editing can be used to reprogram tumor immunogenicity by generating defined neoantigen-like epitopes from shared tumor-associated antigens. This strategy may expand neoantigen-based immunotherapy beyond tumors with high mutational burden and warrants further investigation for clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:42:09Z","timestamp":1780983729000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Site-specific neoepitope induction by RNA editing reprograms tumor immunogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shangyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunxiu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou CureMed Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HaiChao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou CureMed Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuhong","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou CureMed Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiafeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou CureMed Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senrong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chijian","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzhou CureMed Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd.","place":["Suzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University-Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GMU-GIBH) Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8172","article-title":"The future of immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"348","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00418-6","article-title":"Cancer vaccines: the next immunotherapy frontier","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(18)30254-7","article-title":"MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic as adjuvant therapy for patients with resected, MAGE-A3-positive, stage III melanoma (DERMA): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Dreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-05-1203","article-title":"Cancer-Testis genes are coordinately expressed and are markers of poor outcome in non\u2013small cell lung cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gure","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci163291","article-title":"Combination of AFP vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibitors slows hepatocellular carcinoma progression in preclinical models","volume":"133","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.07.013","article-title":"Identifying and targeting human tumor antigens for T cell-based immunotherapy of solid tumors","volume":"38","author":"Leko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29342-0","article-title":"Neoantigen-specific CD8 T cell responses in the peripheral blood following PD-L1 blockade might predict therapy outcome in metastatic urothelial carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Holm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03704-y","article-title":"Phenotype, specificity and avidity of antitumour CD8(+) T cells in melanoma","volume":"596","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05787-1","article-title":"Neoantigen-targeted CD8+ T cell responses with PD-1 blockade therapy","volume":"615","author":"Puig-Saus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1490","article-title":"Clonal neoantigens elicit T cell immunoreactivity and sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"351","author":"McGranahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0810-y","article-title":"Actively personalized vaccination trial for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"565","author":"Hilf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01206-4","article-title":"Personal neoantigen vaccines induce persistent memory T cell responses and epitope spreading in patients with melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0792-9","article-title":"Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial","volume":"565","author":"Keskin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22991","article-title":"An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma","volume":"547","author":"Ott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23003","article-title":"Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer","volume":"547","author":"Sahin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06063-y","article-title":"Personalized RNA neoantigen vaccines stimulate T cells in pancreatic cancer","volume":"618","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)02268-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study","volume":"403","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23093","article-title":"Cancer: Precision T-cell therapy targets tumours","volume":"547","author":"Melief","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3682","article-title":"'Final common pathway' of human cancer immunotherapy: targeting random somatic mutations","volume":"18","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00460-2","article-title":"Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines","volume":"18","author":"Blass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04735-9","article-title":"Neoantigen quality predicts immunoediting in survivors of pancreatic cancer","volume":"606","author":"Luksza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0610-9","article-title":"Genome-wide quantification of ADAR adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing activity","volume":"16","author":"Roth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1982","article-title":"Accurate identification of human Alu and non-Alu RNA editing sites","volume":"9","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2021.02.002","article-title":"ADAR RNA modifications, the epitranscriptome and innate immunity","volume":"46","author":"Quin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.01.005","article-title":"RNA editing: Expanding the potential of RNA therapeutics","volume":"31","author":"Booth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01927-0","article-title":"Precision RNA base editing with engineered and endogenous effectors","volume":"41","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01709-8","article-title":"Shoot the messenger: RNA editing is here","volume":"41","author":"Sheridan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0017-z","article-title":"Efficient and precise editing of endogenous transcripts with SNAP-tagged ADARs","volume":"15","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0323-0","article-title":"In vivo RNA editing of point mutations via RNA-guided adenosine deaminases","volume":"16","author":"Katrekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0013-6","article-title":"Precise RNA editing by recruiting endogenous ADARs with antisense oligonucleotides","volume":"37","author":"Merkle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0178-z","article-title":"Programmable RNA editing by recruiting endogenous ADAR using engineered RNAs","volume":"37","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01171-4","article-title":"Efficient in vitro and in vivo RNA editing via recruitment of endogenous ADARs using circular guide RNAs","volume":"40","author":"Katrekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01225-1","article-title":"Endogenous ADAR-mediated RNA editing in non-human primates using stereopure chemically modified oligonucleotides","volume":"40","author":"Monian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01105-0","article-title":"CLUSTER guide RNAs enable precise and efficient RNA editing with endogenous ADAR enzymes in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Reautschnig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01180-3","article-title":"Engineered circular ADAR-recruiting RNAs increase the efficiency and fidelity of RNA editing in vitro and in vivo","volume":"40","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-024-02313-0","article-title":"Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA","volume":"43","author":"Reautschnig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004790","article-title":"Identification of novel HLA-A*11:01-restricted HPV16 E6\/E7 epitopes and T-cell receptors for HPV-related cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0390-6","article-title":"A few good peptides: MHC class I-based cancer immunosurveillance and immunoevasion","volume":"21","author":"Dersh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf3700","article-title":"TCR-engineered T cell therapy in solid tumors: State of the art and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Baulu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05703-9","article-title":"TCR-T cell therapy: current development approaches, preclinical evaluation, and perspectives on regulatory challenges","volume":"22","author":"Golikova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac965","article-title":"The MHC Motif Atlas: a database of MHC binding specificities and ligands","volume":"51","author":"Tadros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0326-x","article-title":"Identification of preexisting adaptive immunity to Cas9 proteins in humans","volume":"25","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.08.004","article-title":"A-to-I RNA editing as a tuner of noncoding RNAs in cancer","volume":"494","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae461","article-title":"Site-specific regulation of RNA editing with ribose-modified nucleoside analogs in ADAR guide strands","volume":"52","author":"Jauregui-Matos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.05.006","article-title":"Light-triggered site-directed RNA editing by endogenous ADAR1 with photolabile guide RNA","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2020.0866","article-title":"Short-chain guide RNA for site-directed A-to-I RNA editing","volume":"31","author":"Nose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-03086-6","article-title":"Utilizing AAV-mediated LEAPER 2.0 for programmable RNA editing in non-human primates and nonsense mutation correction in humanized Hurler syndrome mice","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-025-02628-6","article-title":"Improved RNA base editing with guide RNAs mimicking highly edited endogenous ADAR substrates","volume":"44","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104741","article-title":"Programmable C-to-U RNA editing using the human APOBEC3A deaminase","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14426","article-title":"Mutant MHC class II epitopes drive therapeutic immune responses to cancer","volume":"520","author":"Kreiter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.01.021","article-title":"Type III CRISPR-mediated flexible RNA excision with engineered guide RNAs","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad098","article-title":"Development of a selection assay for small guide RNAs that drive efficient site-directed RNA editing","volume":"51","author":"Diaz Quiroz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839930\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:42:11Z","timestamp":1780983731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839930\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1839930","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"article-number":"1839930"}}