{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:33:56Z","timestamp":1785162836358,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012433","name":"Key Project of Application Development Plan of Chongqing City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 2022TIAD-KPX0243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2022TIAD-KPX0243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) shows marked histopathologic heterogeneity, and conventional histologic assessment remains dependent on subjective visual evaluation, limiting reproducibility and objective quantification. We aimed to develop and clinically validate a deep learning-based framework for quantitative assessment of endoscopic biopsies in CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 3,641 endoscopic biopsy slides from 687 patients with CD using a hierarchical deep learning workflow implemented on the Palgo platform. This workflow integrated tissue-compartment segmentation, crypt-level segmentation and classification, and inflammatory cell detection and classification. From the resulting whole-slide outputs, we derived quantitative histologic metrics, including cryptitis and crypt-abscess ratios, mucosal and submucosal inflammatory cell densities, hotspot-based density measures, and mucosal stromal proportion. Concordance with the pathologist assessment was evaluated using concordance correlation coefficients, and associations with clinical indicators were examined using Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The models showed robust internal performance across the main segmentation and classification tasks, with Dice coefficients and AUC values generally exceeding 0.95. AI-derived crypt abscess and cryptitis ratios showed good concordance with pathologist assessment, whereas agreement was weaker for certain cell-level outputs, particularly submucosal plasma cell density (CCC\u00a0=\u00a00.376). Grade-stratified calibration indicated a tendency toward AI over-detection in submucosal regions with negative or low manual scores, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation of this metric. Several AI-derived features were associated with clinical or endoscopic activity; however, these associations were generally weak to moderate and should be regarded as exploratory. In particular, crypt abscess ratio was associated with endoscopic activity; submucosal eosinophil density and the mucosa-to-submucosa plasma cell ratio were associated with CDAI; and mucosal stromal proportion was associated with CRP. Exploratory group comparisons further suggested greater submucosal inflammatory infiltration in CD biopsies than in the heterogeneous non-CD inflammatory colitis group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This AI-based framework provides objective and reproducible tissue-level quantification of CD histopathology and may complement routine pathologic assessment. By integrating structured quantitative outputs with heatmap-based visual review, it offers a practical pathologist-supervised approach for standardizing histologic evaluation in CD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1841261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:40:28Z","timestamp":1780638028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep learning-based quantitative histopathology of endoscopic biopsies in Crohn\u2019s disease: a retrospective cross-sectional validation study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health and Diseases, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chongqing Academy of Medical Sciences, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.014","article-title":"Crohn's disease","volume":"6","author":"Roda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.043","article-title":"Assessment and significance of histologic activity in Crohn's disease","volume":"22","author":"Polydorides","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16248","article-title":"An expert consensus to standardise the assessment of histological disease activity in Crohn's disease clinical trials","volume":"53","author":"Almradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.06.001","article-title":"European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Magro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.32074\/1591-951x-234","article-title":"Histopathology of non-IBD colitis. 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