{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:08:53Z","timestamp":1780463333209,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in the immune response to infection, disease, and vaccination. Bovine NK cell subsets have been described; however, a more in-depth characterization is currently hindered by the lack of species-specific reagents in comparison to humans and mice. CD161, encoded by the\n                    <jats:italic>KLRB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, is a C-type lectin-like receptor known to be highly expressed in human NK cells. CD161 has been described in human immunity as defining a pro-inflammatory subset of NK cells that are capable of responding to cytokines. The specific function and importance of bovine CD161\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells have yet to be defined. This study developed and characterized a novel mouse anti-bovine CD161 monoclonal antibody and determined the expression of CD161 on NK cells, CD8 T cells, and gamma delta T (\u03b3\u03b4T) cells in peripheral blood from calves. Future research will investigate the specific function and targeting of the described CD161\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    subsets in baseline immune response, infection, and response to vaccination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:54:16Z","timestamp":1780462456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bovine natural killer cell subsets can be defined by differential expression of CD161 (KLRB1)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Inga","family":"Dry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Kalandadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene C.","family":"McGuinnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Edmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindert","family":"Benedictus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Division of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University","place":["Utrecht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Connelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne C.","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey A.","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00486","article-title":"CD161 defines a functionally distinct subset of pro-inflammatory natural killer cells","volume":"9","author":"Kurioka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-379693","article-title":"Human NK cells at early stages of differentiation produce CXCL8 and express CD161 molecule that functions as an activating receptor","volume":"119","author":"Montaldo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.13090","article-title":"Immunobiology and conflicting roles of the human CD161 receptor in T cells","volume":"94","author":"Wyro\u017cemski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648305","article-title":"Immunobiology roles of the human CD161 receptor in T cells","volume":"16","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00752","article-title":"Impact of aging on the frequency, phenotype, and function of CD161-expressing T cells","volume":"9","author":"Van Der Geest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-353789","article-title":"Human MAIT and CD8\u03b1\u03b1 cells develop from a pool of type-17 precommitted CD8+ T cells","volume":"119","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0505239","article-title":"Bovine natural killer cells acquire cytotoxic\/effector activity following activation with IL-12\/15 and reduce Mycobacterium bovis BCG in infected macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Endsley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.02.017","article-title":"Bovine natural killer cells","volume":"130","author":"Boysen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-7-10","article-title":"Bovine CD2-\/NKp46+ cells are fully functional natural killer cells with a high activation status","volume":"7","author":"Boysen","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511280103","article-title":"Heterogeneous but conserved natural killer receptor gene complexes in four major orders of mammals","volume":"103","author":"Hao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjos-2020-100115","article-title":"The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01536-6","article-title":"Swine influenza A virus infection sets the local immunological landscape in subsequent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"56","author":"Grevelinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110681","article-title":"A novel monoclonal antibody against porcine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) detects expression on the cell surface of macrophages","volume":"266","author":"Waddell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6304513\/v1","article-title":"Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine IP-10","volume":"56","author":"Khalid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110682","article-title":"Bovine NK subsets in the afferent lymph and lymph nodes have distinct expression of na\u00efve and activation-associated cell surface expressed molecules, and are differentially stimulated by BCG vaccination","volume":"266","author":"Hanton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2427(96)05731-5","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to defined human leucocyte differentiation antigens with bovine cells","volume":"56","author":"Sopp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324504","article-title":"NKp46 defines a subset of bovine leukocytes with natural killer cell characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Storset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302464","article-title":"NKp46+ CD3+ cells: a novel nonconventional T cell subset in cattle exhibiting both NK cell and T cell features","volume":"192","author":"Connelley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343509","article-title":"CD161++ CD8+ T cells, including the MAIT cell subset, are specifically activated by IL-12+IL-18 in a TCR-independent manner","volume":"44","author":"Ussher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.69","article-title":"CD161(int)CD8+ T cells: a novel population of highly functional, memory CD8+ T cells enriched within the gut","volume":"9","author":"Fergusson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.613204","article-title":"CD8(+)CD161(+) T-Cells: Cytotoxic memory cells with high therapeutic potential","volume":"11","author":"Konduri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.09.045","article-title":"CD161 defines a transcriptional and functional phenotype across distinct human T cell lineages","volume":"9","author":"Fergusson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.932265","article-title":"From IL-17 to IFN-\u03b3 in inflammatory skin disorders: Is transdifferentiation a potential treatment target","volume":"13","author":"Belpaire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.627173","article-title":"Identification and phenotype of MAIT cells in cattle and their response to bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Edmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.107338","article-title":"MAIT cell-MR1 reactivity is highly conserved across multiple divergent species","volume":"300","author":"Edmans","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-303339","article-title":"Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells","volume":"117","author":"Dusseaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101743","article-title":"100 years of BCG immunization: Past, present, and future","volume":"10","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843038\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:54:20Z","timestamp":1780462460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843038\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"article-number":"1843038"}}