{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:04:40Z","timestamp":1780639480740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus associated with a high case fatality rate and human-to-human transmission, and it is listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to the lack of approved therapeutics or vaccines. NiV is classified as a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, which severely limits experimental studies in the absence of specialized containment facilities. Therefore, the establishment of pseudovirus-based surrogate models is essential for NiV vaccine research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, single-antigen mRNA\u2013lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines encoding the Nipah virus fusion protein (NiV-F) and attachment protein (NiV-G) were designed and evaluated using a co-administration strategy of independently formulated single-antigen mRNA-LNPs. A Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based NiV pseudovirus system was established and applied to assess neutralizing antibody responses in a mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The synthesized mRNA-LNP vaccines exhibited high purity and relatively consistent physicochemical properties, indicating uniform formulation characteristics. The VSV-based NiV pseudovirus showed a robust infection signal compared to background controls, and optimization of the purification process effectively reduced non-specific background, enabling reliable evaluation of\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      neutralizing activity induced by vaccination. Coadministration of the NiV-F and NiV-G mRNA-LNP vaccines induced detectable antigen-binding antibody responses against both NiV-F and NiV-G antigens. Consistently, pseudovirus-based neutralization assays (PBNA) demonstrated detectable neutralizing activity in sera collected at week 4 post-immunization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides a foundation for future NiV mRNA-LNP vaccine development and presents a flexible vaccine design approach based on co-administration of independently formulated single-antigen mRNA-LNPs in which mixed administration of single-antigen mRNA-LNPs provides a flexible framework for independently modulating antigen composition and enabling antigen-specific immune responses. These findings provide a basis for future studies exploring diverse antigen combinations in NiV vaccine research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:39:58Z","timestamp":1780637998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Nipah virus mRNA vaccine for pandemic preparedness"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jeong-In","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, GAIST, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munazza","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Hye","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pil-Gu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University","place":["Seongnam, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee-Jong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, GAIST, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-025-13474-6","article-title":"Nipah virus: pathogenesis, genome, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"109","author":"Madhukalya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0166","article-title":"Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Nipah virus - the rising epidemic: a review","volume":"27","author":"Ochani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2476523","article-title":"Progress and challenges in Nipah vaccine development and licensure for epidemic preparedness and response","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6010024","article-title":"Evolution of Nipah virus infection: past, present, and future considerations","volume":"6","author":"Hauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549","article-title":"Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: strengthening the global response","volume":"10","author":"Bloom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Nipah & Henipaviruses\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00284-w","article-title":"A single dose investigational subunit vaccine for human use against Nipah virus and Hendra virus","volume":"6","author":"Geisbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1216225","article-title":"Immunological correlates of protection afforded by PHV02 live, attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector vaccine against Nipah virus disease","volume":"14","author":"Monath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.772864","article-title":"Chimeric fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoprotein antigen delivery by mRNA as a candidate Nipah vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Loomis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines\u2014a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1418","article-title":"Functional properties of the fusion and attachment glycoproteins of Nipah virus","volume":"296","author":"Tamin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00842","article-title":"Structure-based design of Nipah virus vaccines: a generalizable approach to paramyxovirus immunogen development","volume":"11","author":"Loomis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1571871","article-title":"Nipah pseudovirus system enables evaluation of vaccines in vitro and in vivo using non-BSL-4 facilities","volume":"8","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infections"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.898","article-title":"mRNA synthesis and encapsulation in ionizable lipid nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"McKenzie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Protocol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17111429","article-title":"Establishment of a VSV-based pseudovirus platform for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of Nipah vaccine-induced neutralizing responses","volume":"17","author":"Bae","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i2.85","article-title":"Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula","volume":"5","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01336-1","article-title":"mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccines provide protection against lethal Nipah virus infection","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14030202","article-title":"From design to clinical use: mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.10.005","article-title":"A recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV in trimeric form protects human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection","volume":"499","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwae043","article-title":"An improved method for the detection of double-stranded RNA suitable for quality control of mRNA vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oxford Univ Press US"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.24.3191","article-title":"Targeted mRNA degradation by double-stranded RNA in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Tuschl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.126993","article-title":"Application of pseudovirus system in the development of vaccine, antiviral-drugs, and neutralizing antibodies","volume":"258","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.08.006","article-title":"Generation of VSV pseudotypes using recombinant DeltaG-VSV for studies on 829 virus entry, identification of entry inhibitors, and immune responses to vaccines","volume":"830","author":"Whitt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00760-5","article-title":"The advances of adjuvants in mRNA vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843559\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:40:02Z","timestamp":1780638002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843559\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1843559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"article-number":"1843559"}}