{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:15:44Z","timestamp":1790806544957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Johne\u2019s disease, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MAP), is a chronic enteric infection of ruminants characterized by persistence in intestinal macrophages following invasion through Peyer\u2019s patches. Early studies established a predominantly cell-mediated immune response during early stages of infection, yet this fails to clear mucosal infection. Recent vaccine studies demonstrate partial, region-specific protection and induction of mucosal immune responses but also reveal marked differences in responses across intestinal regions. Correlates of protection are poorly defined and key knowledge gaps remain in defining the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity to MAP in ruminants. In this mini review, we synthesize current knowledge of host immune responses to MAP and highlight research gaps from a mucosal immunology perspective that continue to impede vaccine development. Addressing these gaps is essential to advance vaccine research for Johne\u2019s disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1845415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:38:28Z","timestamp":1782797908000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paratuberculosis: a mucosal immunology perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Itzel","family":"Aguilar-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Facciuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan","place":["Saskatoon, SK, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.489-512.2001","article-title":"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in veterinary medicine","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24643","article-title":"Invited review: Improved control of Johne\u2019s disease in dairy cattle through advancements in diagnostics, testing, and management of young stock","volume":"108","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.07.008","article-title":"Transmission parameters of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infections in a dairy herd going through a control program","volume":"83","author":"Benedictus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8204","article-title":"Clinical disease and stage of lactation influence shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk and colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Stabel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1943-4","article-title":"Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. 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