{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:15:56Z","timestamp":1783574156635,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERA-NET-NEURON\/14\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-NET-NEURON\/14\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the total circulating exosome transcriptome in animal models of two different CNS pathologic conditions, autoimmune demyelination and traumatic brain injury (TBI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to define the global RNA profile of blood exosomes in the MOG-induced EAE model of autoimmune demyelination and TBI mice model. We analyzed 5 million reads per sample, including a detailed analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in EAE versus control mice and versus TBI model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exosomal RNA NGS revealed 10 different classes of transcripts including miRNA. MiRNA numbers from EAE and TBI mice showed trend to be lower versus control mice. The differentially expressed miRNAs were found in all three sequential EAE time points: early stage post mice immunization (EAEp), peak of disease (EAEa) and recovery (EAEl). The differential expression pattern of miRNA in EAE versus TBI correlated with their involvement in activation or inhibition of immune response. In the early stage of EAE miRNA-335-5p and miRNA-411-5p were upregulated versus TBI. At the peak of disease six miRNAs were most upregulated, miRNA-27a-3p, miRNA-141-3p, miRNA27b-3p, miRNA-195a-5p, miRNA21a-5p and miRNA-99a-5p. The six most upregulated miRNA at the recovery time point of EAE, miRNA-27b-3p, miRNA 141-3p, miRNA 27a-3p, miRNA-127-3p, miRNA-429-3p and let-7b-5p were associated with inhibition of immune response and enhancement of immunoregulation. Interestingly, it was found that similar pattern of downregulated miRNAs versus TBI were present at all three of EAE time points. Bioinformatic analysis of protein genes targeted by the most differentially expressed miRNAs revealed a numbers of proteins involved in neuroinflammation both in EAE and TBI models. In the early phase of EAE, three protein transcripts, Hdac9, Syt7 and NT5c2 serve as an epigenetic switch controlling T cell fate and cytokine production. In recovery of EAE RoRb, a member of ROR nuclear receptor family involved in Th17 cell differentiation was inhibited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data indicate that different type of CNS pathology, autoimmune demyelination versus TBI is associated with different pattern of miRNA expression in circulating exosomes which may suggest their differential role in these two CNS pathologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1848236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:23:05Z","timestamp":1783570985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unique expression pattern of circulating exosomal miRNA correlates with CNS 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