{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:46:19Z","timestamp":1782794779690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to characterize neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated alterations in peripheral white blood cell differentials, focusing on overall patterns and sex-related differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 225 Japanese patients with NF1 (78 males, 147 females) and 87 controls without NF1 (50 males, 37 females). Within each sex, NF1 and control groups were age-matched. Z-scores were calculated to normalize for sex-specific variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In patients with NF1, Z-scores for the percentages of neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils were increased, whereas those for lymphocytes and eosinophils were decreased. These trends were consistent across both sexes, indicating robust disease-associated alterations. Additional sex-related differences were observed: males showed greater neutrophil increases and more pronounced lymphocyte reductions, whereas females exhibited greater monocyte increases and more marked eosinophil reductions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NF1 is associated with systemic skewing of peripheral immune cell composition, characterized by expansion of the non\u2013type 2\/innate component, relative uncoupling of the type 2\u2013associated component, and reduction of the lymphoid component. These findings provide a conceptual basis for understanding NF1 pathobiology, disease heterogeneity, and sex-related differences, including tumor-associated immune environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1849927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:25:25Z","timestamp":1782793525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systemic skewing of peripheral blood leukocyte composition in neurofibromatosis type 1"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Nobeyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University 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