{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:42:31Z","timestamp":1793227351479,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a serious skeletal complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by deteriorated bone microarchitecture and elevated fracture risk independent of reduced bone mineral density. Emerging evidence indicates that immunometabolic reprogramming of bone marrow immune cells serves as a core driver of DOP pathogenesis. This review focuses on macrophages and CD4+ Th17\/Treg cells, the pivotal immune subsets mediating skeletal immune-metabolic homeostasis. We systematically elaborate how hyperglycemia triggers glycolytic predominance, HIF-1\u03b1 stabilization, and succinate-SUCNR1 axis activation in macrophages, alongside mTORC1-HIF-1\u03b1-dependent Th17\/Treg imbalance. Bidirectional immunometabolic crosstalk between these immune cells disrupts the RANKL\/OPG and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathways, thereby disturbing bone formation and resorption. Furthermore, we summarize current immunometabolic-targeted modulators for DOP, stratifying their preclinical and clinical evidence, skeletal benefits, and safety limitations. We also highlight existing clinical diagnostic defects and translational bottlenecks in DOP research. Finally, we prospect emerging research directions including spatial immunometabolic profiling, gut-immune-bone axis regulation, and artificial intelligence-assisted precision intervention, aiming to provide mechanistic insights and novel translational strategies for DOP targeted therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1850044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:18:29Z","timestamp":1782825509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fueling bone loss: the immunometabolic reprogramming of the bone microenvironment in diabetic osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yunfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Gansu Province","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PET\/CT Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"The first Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital)","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric, Gansu Provincial Central Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Gangu County People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tianshui, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Gansu Province","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Gansu Province","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxing","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Gansu Province","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","article-title":"Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes--a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm106","article-title":"Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture","volume":"166","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02097-w","article-title":"Glucose variability: a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"60","author":"Belli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1880-0978","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and platelet hyperactivation in diabetic complications induced by glycemic variability","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9347-2","article-title":"Glucose variability, HbA1c and microvascular complications","volume":"17","author":"\u0160krha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319718799967","article-title":"Perirenal fat: a unique fat pad and potential target for cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.03.005","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the perirenal region of humans suggests presence of dormant brown adipose tissue that contains brown fat precursor cells","volume":"24","author":"Jespersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59743-4","article-title":"NIPA2 regulates osteoblast function by modulating mitophagy in type 2 diabetes osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2005.8.3","article-title":"Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging","volume":"8","author":"Lemasters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1305-3","article-title":"Obesity alters cortical and trabecular bone density and geometry in women","volume":"22","author":"Sukumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-4943(96)00723-6","article-title":"Evidence for bone mass and body fat distribution relationship in postmenopausal obese women","volume":"24","author":"Tarquini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.010","article-title":"Risk of fracture with thiazolidinediones: an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01355.x","article-title":"Exenatide treatment did not affect bone mineral density despite body weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Bunck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200298","article-title":"Regulating macrophage polarization in high glucose microenvironment using lithium-modified bioglass-hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.990457","article-title":"Dysfunction of macrophages leads to diabetic bone regeneration deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02993","article-title":"New insights on the role of lipid metabolism in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Batista-Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02425-z","article-title":"Diabetes impairs wound healing by Dnmt1-dependent dysregulation of hematopoietic stem cells differentiation towards macrophages","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0376-9","article-title":"Elevated kallikrein-binding protein in diabetes impairs wound healing through inducing macrophage M1 polarization","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.03.001","article-title":"Macrophage immunometabolism: Where are we (going)","volume":"38","author":"Van Den Bossche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160209152033","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35008121","article-title":"Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage","volume":"404","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11862","article-title":"Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation","volume":"493","author":"O'Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01756-x","article-title":"Melatonin-stimulated MSC-derived exosomes improve diabetic wound healing through regulating macrophage M1 and M2 polarization by targeting the PTEN\/AKT pathway","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746151","article-title":"Meta-inflammation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages in diabetes and obesity: The importance of metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.005","article-title":"Network integration of parallel metabolic and transcriptional data reveals metabolic modules that regulate macrophage polarization","volume":"42","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.08.010","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Kratz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6577","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mitigates myocardial infarction via promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis-dependent M2 polarization of macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Miao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002328","article-title":"In situ regulation of macrophage polarization to enhance osseointegration under diabetic conditions using injectable silk\/sitagliptin gel scaffolds","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7060","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of adipose tissue macrophage function in obesity and diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Appari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522037","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages: glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-mediated glucose metabolism drives a proinflammatory phenotype","volume":"289","author":"Freemerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165731","article-title":"Metabolic and molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarisation and adipose tissue insulin resistance","volume":"21","author":"Orliaguet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-026-02647-y","article-title":"Macrophage metabolic reprogramming by vanadium released from glucose-responsive bio-gel accelerates diabetic wound repair","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22039-9","article-title":"HIF1\u03b1-dependent glycolysis promotes macrophage functional activities in protecting against bacterial and fungal infection","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42074","article-title":"Role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 in metabolically integrating osteoclast differentiation and inflammatory bone resorption through hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1 and E2F1","volume":"74","author":"Doi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-013-9609-5","article-title":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species","volume":"67","author":"Premkumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16040225","article-title":"Nanobubble-mediated oxygen delivery mitigates hypoxia-induced ROS and HIF-1\u03b1 expression in UC-MSCs","volume":"16","author":"V\u00edafara-Garc\u00eda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200609074","article-title":"The Qo site of the mitochondrial complex III is required for the transduction of hypoxic signaling via reactive oxygen species production","volume":"177","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.07.003","article-title":"Genetic activation of glycolysis in osteoblasts preserves bone mass in type I diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149168","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomal miRNAs can modulate diabetic bone-fat imbalance","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1606317","article-title":"Immunometabolic reprogramming in diabetic osteomyelitis: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.03.020","article-title":"Bidirectional modulation of glycolysis using a multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel promotes bone fracture healing in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.s544316","article-title":"The alterations in the osteoimmune microenvironment of STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice: a single-cell RNA sequencing analysis","volume":"18","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9029327","article-title":"HIF1\u03b1-induced glycolysis metabolism is essential to the activation of inflammatory macrophages","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06354-7","article-title":"High glucose\/ChREBP-induced Hif-1\u03b1 transcriptional activation in CD4(+) T cells reduces the risk of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting the Th1 response","volume":"68","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0731-5","article-title":"HIF-1 is involved in high glucose-induced paracellular permeability of brain endothelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0731-5","article-title":"Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1\u03b2 through HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"496","author":"Tannahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m008198200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via coupling of TNF type 1 receptor and RANK signaling pathways","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2008.03.018","article-title":"Functions of RANKL\/RANK\/OPG in bone modeling and remodeling","volume":"473","author":"Boyce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci11176","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand","volume":"106","author":"Lam","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8701","article-title":"TNFalpha potently activates osteoclasts, through a direct action independent of and strongly synergistic with RANKL","volume":"143","author":"Fuller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.05.014","article-title":"V-ATPases in osteoclasts: structure, function and potential inhibitors of bone resorption","volume":"44","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.09.022","article-title":"ClC-7 expression levels critically regulate bone turnover, but not gastric acid secretion","volume":"58","author":"Supanchart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01357","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of microenvironmental acidosis on osteoclast biology","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-298","article-title":"The Src inhibitor dasatinib accelerates the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells into osteoblasts","volume":"10","author":"Id Boufker","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78003-z","article-title":"Distinct roles for the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1\u03b1 and HIF-2\u03b1 in human osteoclast formation and function","volume":"10","author":"Knowles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77892-4","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of osteoclasts represents a therapeutic target during the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Taubmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00617","article-title":"Understanding the metabolic profile of macrophages during the regenerative process in zebrafish","volume":"10","author":"Paredes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00061","article-title":"Metabolism supports macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Langston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193001","article-title":"Macrophages, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.b2400406","article-title":"Emerging roles of the metabolite succinate in bone-related diseases","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109246","article-title":"Extracellular succinate hyperpolarizes M2 macrophages through SUCNR1\/GPR91-mediated Gq signaling","volume":"35","author":"Trauelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i6.106720","article-title":"Iron dysregulation, ferroptosis, and oxidative stress in diabetic osteoporosis: Mechanisms, bone metabolism disruption, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg effect: How does it benefit cancer cells","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050645","article-title":"DC-STAMP is essential for cell-cell fusion in osteoclasts and foreign body giant cells","volume":"202","author":"Yagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.909095","article-title":"LncRNA-mRNA expression profiles of osteoclast after conditional knockout HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13745","article-title":"HIF-1\u03b1 regulates osteoclast activation and mediates osteogenesis during mandibular bone repair via CT-1","volume":"28","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/p6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.94972","article-title":"Hypoxic dental pulp stem cells-released succinate promotes osteoclastogenesis and root resorption","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115772","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of osteoporosis","volume":"24","author":"Zhivodernikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687551","article-title":"T-cell mediated inflammation in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1172\/jci76012","article-title":"Metabolic programming and PDHK1 control CD4+ T cell subsets and inflammation","volume":"125","author":"Gerriets","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7518\/hxkq.2021.06.004","article-title":"Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on mandibular bone regeneration and the expression of T helper cell 17\/regulatory T cell-related factors in mice","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i4.99936","article-title":"T helper 17 cells and interleukin-17 immunity in type 1 diabetes: From pathophysiology to targeted immunotherapies","volume":"16","author":"Vasilev","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-207118","article-title":"Regulation of Treg functionality by acetylation-mediated Foxp3 protein stabilization","volume":"115","author":"van Loosdregt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2024.101975","article-title":"Mitochondrial mechanisms in Treg cell regulation: Implications for immunotherapy and disease treatment","volume":"80","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.05.004","article-title":"The glucose transporter Glut1 is selectively essential for CD4 T cell activation and effector function","volume":"20","author":"Macintyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003613","article-title":"Cutting edge: distinct glycolytic and lipid oxidative metabolic programs are essential for effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subsets","volume":"186","author":"Michalek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2025.15201","article-title":"Mechanisms of T-cell metabolic reprogramming in the microenvironment of acute myeloid leukemia and its therapeutic potential (Review)","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2017.03.001","article-title":"T cell metabolism in metabolic disease-associated autoimmunity","volume":"222","author":"Amersfoort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1687755","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming as a therapeutic target for modulating the Th17\/Treg balance in autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101484","article-title":"Abrogation of CD30 and OX40 signals prevents autoimmune disease in FoxP3-deficient mice","volume":"208","author":"Gaspal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4053038","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of IFI44L expression in monocytes affects the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"2022","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110278","article-title":"HIF1alpha-dependent glycolytic pathway orchestrates a metabolic checkpoint for the differentiation of TH17 and Treg cells","volume":"208","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948470","article-title":"Regulatory T cell metabolism at the intersection between autoimmune diseases and cancer","volume":"50","author":"Kurniawan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28987-1","article-title":"Epithelial cell-derived cytokine TSLP activates regulatory T cells by enhancing fatty acid uptake","volume":"13","author":"Kasuya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jbmr\/zjaf017","article-title":"Epiregulin ameliorates ovariectomy-induced bone loss through orchestrating the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts","volume":"40","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34095-x","article-title":"Altered glycolysis triggers impaired mitochondrial metabolism and mTORC1 activation in diabetic \u03b2-cells","volume":"13","author":"Haythorne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0922","article-title":"mTOR inhibition by rapamycin prevents beta-cell adaptation to hyperglycemia and exacerbates the metabolic state in type 2 diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1698","article-title":"The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo","volume":"10","author":"McGeachy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.045","article-title":"Metabolic modeling of single Th17 cells reveals regulators of autoimmunity","volume":"184","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000060","article-title":"Inhibition of glycolysis in pathogenic T(H)17 cells through targeting a miR-21-Peli1-c-Rel pathway prevents autoimmunity","volume":"204","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00115","article-title":"Differential regulation of human Treg and Th17 cells by fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis","volume":"10","author":"Cluxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.11.001","article-title":"Th17 cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"280","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.012","article-title":"IL-17A is increased in humans with primary hyperparathyroidism and mediates PTH-induced bone loss in mice","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1254","article-title":"Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages","volume":"6","author":"Harrington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242569","article-title":"Il-17-producing \u03b3\u03b4 t cells and innate lymphoid cells","volume":"42","author":"Sutton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1698283","article-title":"Functional roles of immune cells in osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12395","article-title":"Il-17 regulates the expressions of rankl and opg in human periodontal ligament cells via traf6\/tbk1-jnk\/nf-\u03bab pathways","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci5703","article-title":"Il-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis","volume":"103","author":"Kotake","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B105","article-title":"il-17 regulates the expression of rankl and opg in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts by activating p38mapk signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Nong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2015.45.3.101","article-title":"Hyperglycemia increases the expression levels of sclerostin in a reactive oxygen species- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent manner","volume":"45","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Periodontal Implant Sci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.10.007","article-title":"Role and mechanism of action of sclerostin in bone","volume":"96","author":"Delgado-Calle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101555","article-title":"Brd4 induces osteogenic differentiation of bmscs via the wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2016.11.007","article-title":"the crosstalk between canonical and noncanonical wnt signaling pathway in osteoblast differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in inflammatory microenvironments","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06523-7","article-title":"Role of wnt signaling and sclerostin in bone and as therapeutic targets in skeletal disorders","volume":"34","author":"Marini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330ra37","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad8996","article-title":"Chronic skin inflammation leads to bone loss by il-17-mediated inhibition of wnt signaling in osteoblasts","volume":"8","author":"Ulu\u00e7kan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16694","article-title":"Osteoblast lineage cells play an essential role in periodontal bone loss through activation of nuclear factor-kappa b","volume":"5","author":"Pacios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00559-6","article-title":"The interrelationship between diabetes, il-17 and bone loss","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1683279","article-title":"Natural bioactive products in the regulation of bone metabolism and regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.04.042","article-title":"Human cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"357","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03761-w","article-title":"Tgf-\u03b2 signaling regulates differentiation of mscs in bone metabolism: disputes among viewpoints","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00684-7","article-title":"Regulatory t cells: the many faces of foxp3","volume":"39","author":"Georgiev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J ClinImmunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108689","article-title":"High glucose impairs cognitive function through inducing mitochondrial calcium overload in treg cells","volume":"27","author":"Hui","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1621396","article-title":"Treg cell plasticity as a driver of inflammation in spondyloarthritis and psoriasis","volume":"16","author":"Ortega","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19018","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76038-w","article-title":"Regulatory t cell phenotype and anti-osteoclastogenic function in experimental periodontitis","volume":"10","author":"Alvarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1536020","article-title":"Immunometabolism of tregs: mechanisms, adaptability, and therapeutic implications in diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2329","article-title":"The ampk signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Mihaylova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e179572","DOI":"10.1172\/jci179572","article-title":"Ampk is necessary for treg functional adaptation to microenvironmental stress during Malignancy and viral pneumonia","volume":"135","author":"Torres Acosta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061775","article-title":"Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper t cell subset that links t cell activation and bone destruction","volume":"203","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.11.010","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ros) in macrophage activation and function in diabetes","volume":"224","author":"Rendra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci84431","article-title":"Hif1\u03b1 and metabolic reprogramming in inflammation","volume":"126","author":"Corcoran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i6.122","article-title":"Metformin revisited: does this regulator of amp-activated protein kinase secondarily affect bone metabolism and prevent diabetic osteopathy","volume":"7","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1378291","article-title":"Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, inhibits bone loss in an animal model of osteoporosis with or without diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102624","article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in adults with increased fracture risk: a randomised, double-blinded, two-centre, phase 2 trial","volume":"72","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70227-x","article-title":"Possible adverse effects of sglt2 inhibitors on bone","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.09.03","article-title":"The sglt2 inhibitor dapagliflozin attenuates the activity of ros-nlrp3 inflammasome axis in steatohepatitis with diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Leng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111658","article-title":"Inhibition of pkm2 suppresses osteoclastogenesis and alleviates bone loss in mouse periodontitis","volume":"129","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010234","article-title":"2-deoxy-d-glucose and its analogs: from diagnostic to therapeutic agents","volume":"21","author":"Pajak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12431","article-title":"A novel sucnr1 inhibitor alleviates dysbiosis through inhibition of host responses without direct interaction with host microbiota","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01623184","article-title":"Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.117154","article-title":"Immunometabolic modulators alleviate vascular dysfunction in mice with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"241","author":"Mi\u00f1ano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(17)30134-1","article-title":"Bone disease in diabetes: another manifestation of microvascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Shanbhogue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1150068","article-title":"Osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in hyperglycemia","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.03.021","article-title":"Polydopamine-mediated graphene oxide and nanohydroxyapatite-incorporated conductive scaffold with an immunomodulatory ability accelerates periodontal bone regeneration in diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1710733","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites modulate treg\/th17 balance: novel therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1497311","article-title":"Mechanisms of gut homeostasis regulating th17\/treg cell balance in pmop","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5774","article-title":"Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04446-5","article-title":"Ai algorithms for accurate prediction of osteoporotic fractures in patients with diabetes: an up-to-date review","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1052592","article-title":"A narrative review of diabetic bone disease: characteristics, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1850044\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:18:32Z","timestamp":1782825512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1850044\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":144,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1850044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1850044","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"1850044"}}