{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:13:52Z","timestamp":1792588432528,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity worldwide, traditionally defined as a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy but increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous syndrome with diverse biological origins. Emerging evidence indicates that distinct pathogenic pathways\u2014including placental insufficiency, maternal cardiometabolic dysfunction, and intrinsic immune dysregulation\u2014contribute to different clinical phenotypes of the disease. Among these, the complement system has gained attention as a central regulator of immune\u2013vascular interactions during pregnancy. Recent studies demonstrate that tightly controlled complement activation is required for normal placental development, whereas dysregulation of this system contributes to endothelial injury, inflammation, and microvascular dysfunction characteristic of PE. Importantly, complement activation patterns differ across disease subtypes: classical pathway activation predominates in placental-driven early-onset PE, chronic low-grade alternative pathway activation is associated with maternal metabolic disease, and genetic or functional defects in complement regulation define a subset of severe, complement-mediated cases with overlap features of thrombotic microangiopathy. Despite these advances, current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches remain largely non-specific and fail to account for this biological heterogeneity. Here, we propose a subtype-based framework of PE centered on complement dysregulation, integrating mechanistic, genetic, and clinical evidence. This model links distinct complement activation patterns to disease trajectories and identifies corresponding biomarker signatures and therapeutic targets. By redefining PE as a spectrum of complement-stratified disorders, this Review provides a conceptual foundation for precision diagnostics and mechanism-guided therapy. Such an approach has the potential to improve risk stratification, enable earlier detection, and support the development of targeted interventions tailored to individual disease mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:34:25Z","timestamp":1782448465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Complement as a driver of immune\u2013vascular heterogeneity across preeclampsia subtypes: toward a precision medicine framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yafei","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32335-7","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"398","author":"Chappell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000005532","article-title":"Angiogenic biomarkers in preeclampsia","volume":"143","author":"Burwick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1419540","article-title":"Systematic review of the complement components as potential biomarkers of pre-eclampsia: pitfalls and opportunities","volume":"15","author":"Balduit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.5ru1120-787rr","article-title":"Cellular immune responses in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.522047","article-title":"Viral-immune cell interactions at the maternal-fetal interface in human pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003114","article-title":"Role of maternal-fetal immune tolerance in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy","volume":"137","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2022.00072","article-title":"A non-redundant role of complement protein C1q in normal and adverse pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Agostinis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Explor Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01191-0","article-title":"Innate immune responses to pathogens at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"25","author":"Alippe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903215","article-title":"An alternative role of C1q in cell migration and tissue remodeling: contribution to trophoblast invasion and placental development","volume":"185","author":"Agostinis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.498","article-title":"A critical role for murine complement regulator crry in fetomaternal tolerance","volume":"287","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236968","article-title":"Complement inhibitor Crry expression in mouse placenta is essential for maintaining normal blood pressure and fetal growth","volume":"15","author":"Banadakoppa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.70076","article-title":"Evidence for complement activation in preeclampsia placenta and its presence in circulation","volume":"93","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061022","article-title":"Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction","volume":"203","author":"Girardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13466","article-title":"Complement 5a-mediated trophoblasts dysfunction is involved in the development of pre-eclampsia","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00926-1","article-title":"A guide to complement biology, pathology and therapeutic opportunity","volume":"24","author":"Mastellos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1643896","article-title":"The role of complement in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"16","author":"Burwick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.05.024","article-title":"Factor H-related proteins and their associated disorders","volume":"156","author":"J\u00f3zsi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.01.029","article-title":"De novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation in adults: interplay between complement genetics and multiple endothelial injury","volume":"24","author":"Dessaix","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70107","article-title":"Molecular signatures of preeclampsia: the role of post-translational protein modifications","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2026","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.03.006","article-title":"Pregnancy induced TMA in severe preeclampsia results from complement-mediated thromboinflammation","volume":"82","author":"Lokki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910653","article-title":"First-trimester preeclampsia-induced disturbance in maternal blood serum proteome: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Starodubtseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.16255","article-title":"Exosomal-complement system activation in preeclampsia","volume":"51","author":"David","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311693","article-title":"The pleiotropic effect of complement C5a-C5aR1 pathway in diseases: from immune regulation to targeted therapy","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.15072","article-title":"Endothelial damage and complement dysregulation in fetuses from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia","volume":"104","author":"Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001013","article-title":"Mutations in complement regulatory proteins predispose to preeclampsia: a genetic analysis of the PROMISSE cohort","volume":"8","author":"Salmon","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2025.101212","article-title":"Pregnancy-related thrombotic microangiopathy has a spectrum of underlying causes","volume":"40","author":"Livson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70122","article-title":"Proteomic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signature in fetoplacental small extracellular vesicles of early-onset preeclampsia","volume":"5","author":"Stoiber","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Extracell Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S507660","article-title":"Bioinformatic analysis of apoptosis-related genes in preeclampsia using public transcriptomic and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflammation Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82733-z","article-title":"Complement and coagulation cascades activation is the main pathophysiological pathway in early-onset severe preeclampsia revealed by maternal proteomics","volume":"11","author":"Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116232","article-title":"Is the complement system dysregulated in preeclampsia comorbid with HIV infection","volume":"25","author":"Govender","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2025.09.001","article-title":"Preeclampsia is associated with placental complement C4d deposition","volume":"171","author":"Pierik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1617140","article-title":"The complement system in human pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02531-2","article-title":"Trophoblast adaptation to hypoxia: balance and dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05171-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in pregnancy loss: a review","volume":"480","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060431","article-title":"Double-edged sword: exploring the mitochondria-complement bidirectional connection in cellular response and disease","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-024-00310-6","article-title":"Understanding rare genetic variants within the terminal pathway of complement system in preeclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Lokki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02972-y","article-title":"Adipokines in preeclampsia: disrupted signaling pathways and novel therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Abdalla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-025-02504-5","article-title":"Subtype specific immune-metabolic reprogramming in preeclampsia revealed by multiomics and serum biomarkers","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08298-z","article-title":"High-fat diet induces pre-eclampsia through dampening cell-autonomous C3 in trophoblasts","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1343060","article-title":"Pregnancy as a susceptible state for thrombotic microangiopathies","volume":"11","author":"Frimat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101894","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress induced by obesity, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia in pregnancy: role of high-density lipoproteins as vectors for bioactive compounds","volume":"12","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Osorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111608","article-title":"The complement system as a part of immunometabolic post-exercise response in adipose and muscle tissue","volume":"25","author":"Wojciuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399814666180417122030","article-title":"Complement components, C3 and C4, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Copenhaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20257865","article-title":"Complement C3 in panvascular disease: a central integrator of immune signaling and vascular remodeling","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2026.120885","article-title":"Pathophysiologic mechanisms and molecular targets in preeclampsia","volume":"586","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/vhrm.S519426","article-title":"Vascular endothelium in health and disease: structure, function, assessment and role in metabolic disorders","volume":"21","author":"Pluta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13150","article-title":"The complement alternative pathway and hemostasis","volume":"313","author":"Noris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1711579","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications in vascular inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1490143","article-title":"Multifaced roles of adipokines in endothelial cell function","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-026-02038-8","article-title":"STAT signaling in metabolic disorders: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic implications","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010039","article-title":"The role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of infectious forms of hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Avdonin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.891513","article-title":"The loss of glycocalyx integrity impairs complement factor H binding and contributes to cyclosporine-induced endothelial cell injury","volume":"10","author":"Teoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2023-0048","article-title":"Complement factor H in molecular regulation of angiogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Rev (2021)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13172","article-title":"The complement alternative pathway in health and disease-activation or amplification","volume":"313","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15476","article-title":"Complement, inflammation and thrombosis","volume":"178","author":"Rawish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.10.009","article-title":"Complement in secondary thrombotic microangiopathy","volume":"6","author":"Palma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109871","article-title":"Differential contributions of the C5b-9 and C5a\/C5aR pathways to microvascular and macrovascular thrombosis in complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy patients","volume":"259","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072527","article-title":"Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: a review of complement dysregulation, genetic susceptibility and multiorgan involvement","volume":"14","author":"Bogdan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073851","article-title":"Molecular advances in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Gardikioti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2025000700C","article-title":"Long-term outcome and management of complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy\/aHUS","volume":"2025","author":"Afshar-Kharghan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0663-8","article-title":"Diseases of complement dysregulation-an overview","volume":"40","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057251348978","article-title":"Predictive modeling of complications arising from early-onset preeclampsia in pregnant women","volume":"21","author":"Dom\u00ednguez Del Olmo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Womens Health (Lond)"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.70075","article-title":"sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio thresholds for diagnosing pre-eclampsia in pregnant women with high blood pressure","volume":"66","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01253-3","article-title":"Cell-type heterogeneity: Why we should adjust for it in epigenome and biomarker studies","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030387","article-title":"Oxidative stress in pathogenesis of preeclampsia: mechanistic and clinical insights","volume":"15","author":"Parapob","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-025-04739-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathies: consensus of the Genetic Diseases Committee of the Chilean Society of Nephrology","volume":"27","author":"Musalem","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101975","article-title":"Preeclampsia: pathophysiology and management","volume":"50","author":"Nirupama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2026.2634997","article-title":"Hematologic disorders in pregnancy: the role of the complement system","volume":"19","author":"Story","year":"2026","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-021-01025-x","article-title":"Pregnancy-triggered atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS): a global aHUS registry analysis","volume":"34","author":"Fakhouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13169","article-title":"Alternative pathway activation in pregnancy, a measured amount \"complements\" a successful pregnancy, too much results in adverse events","volume":"313","author":"Smith-Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.13581021","article-title":"How I treat complement-mediated TMA","volume":"17","author":"Sperati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics6010003","article-title":"Complement inhibitors and the risk of (breakthrough) infections\u2014critical analysis and preventive strategies","volume":"6","author":"Halacova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102337","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin in preeclampsia: effects on biomarkers and prevention: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Baroutis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.014","article-title":"Pravastatin, proton-pump inhibitors, metformin, micronutrients, and biologics: new horizons for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia","volume":"226","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/crd.0000000000000906","article-title":"The use of statins during pregnancy in patients diagnosed with preeclampsia: a systematic review","author":"Gera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13138","article-title":"With complements: C3 inhibition in the clinic","volume":"313","author":"Kolev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641955.2022.2066119","article-title":"Soluble endoglin versus sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio: detection of preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and FGR in a high-risk cohort","volume":"41","author":"Iannaccone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens Pregnancy"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03034.x","article-title":"Complement activation triggered by chondroitin sulfate released by thrombin receptor-activated platelets","volume":"6","author":"Hamad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf149","article-title":"Do we still need plasma exchange to treat TMA? Yes","volume":"40","author":"Desikan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1007\/s44411-025-00361-9","article-title":"Overview of pregnancy-associated thrombotic microangiopathies\u2013a practical guidance","volume":"126","author":"Demel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bratislava Med J"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07611-4","article-title":"Complement system activation: bridging physiology, pathophysiology, and therapy","volume":"50","author":"Azoulay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20476965.2024.2435845","article-title":"Preeclampsia prediction via machine learning: a systematic literature review","volume":"14","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Syst (Basingstoke)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4103\/sijm.sijm_50_25","article-title":"Precision medicine in perinatal cardiorespiratory disease: a systematic review of multi-omics, genetic profiling, and pharmacogenomics for maternal\u2013fetal risk assessment","volume":"2","author":"Bachnas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sarvodaya Int J Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855121\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:34:35Z","timestamp":1782448475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855121\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"article-number":"1855121"}}