{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:03:39Z","timestamp":1784527419349,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012155","name":"Channel 7 Telethon Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intranasal vaccines offer a needle-free strategy to enhance immunity to respiratory infections. We investigated the mechanism of action of a novel intranasal vaccine using the human respiratory commensal\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Hh), previously shown to protect against nontypeable\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTHi) otitis media and accelerate clearance of influenza A virus (IAV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mucosal and systemic cellular immune responses were assessed 2\u2013144 hours after intranasal Hh treatment in mice, compared with placebo or the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2\u20136 agonist Pam2CSK4 using spectral flow cytometry. The impact of treatment on subsequent IAV and NTHi challenge was also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hh induced a distinct, tissue-specific immune signature with rapid recruitment of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes to the lungs, peaking at 6 hours, earlier than Pam2CSK4. Hh also generated higher proportions of nasal CD103\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells within 48 hours, which further expanded following sequential IAV and NTHi infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings demonstrate that Hh primes mucosal immune responses to promote heterologous protection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1784525707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mucosal immune cell priming by intranasally delivered Haemophilus haemolyticus is associated with heterologous protection against influenza and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jack S.","family":"Pepper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlyn M.","family":"Granland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth B.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Bayliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, The Kids Research Institute Australia","place":["Perth, WA, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Z. 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