{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:03:38Z","timestamp":1784527418323,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate serum adalimumab (ADA) levels in patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU), identify factors associated with drug exposure\u2014including anti-adalimumab antibodies (AAA)\u2014and assess their relationship with control of intraocular inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, observational, single-center study included patients with NIU treated with ADA who underwent at least one proactive assessment of serum ADA levels and AAA between October 2019 and January 2024 at Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona (Spain).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 135 measurements were obtained from 65 patients. Mean serum ADA levels were higher in patients with complete response (8.28 \u00b5g\/mL) compared with partial responders (5.57 \u00b5g\/mL; p = 0.016) and non-responders (6.21 \u00b5g\/mL; p = 0.012). AAA were detected in 18\/135 measurements (13.3%). Patients with detectable AAA had markedly lower serum ADA levels (1.44 \u00b5g\/mL; p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Lower ADA levels were also associated with male sex (p = 0.011), obesity (body mass index &amp;gt;30 kg\/m\u00b2; p = 0.006), panuveitis (p &amp;lt; 0.0001), presence of vitritis (p = 0.0002), and longer disease duration (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between ADA monotherapy and combination therapy with conventional immunomodulators (p = 0.91).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In NIU, patients achieving complete inflammatory control showed higher serum ADA levels than those with partial response or persistent disease activity, suggesting an association between drug exposure and inflammatory control. ADA exposure is influenced by patient- and disease-related factors, including body mass index, inflammatory burden, anatomical classification, immunogenicity, and dosing strategy. These findings support a potential role for proactive therapeutic drug monitoring to guide individualized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1855538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:34:53Z","timestamp":1784525693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of serum adalimumab levels and immunogenicity with clinical response in non-infectious uveitis: a real-world cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pau","family":"Otal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Seco-Orriols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Miguel-Escuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Moll-Udina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Sainz-de-la-Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignasi","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pint\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (UEC, CSUR) of the Catalan and Spanish Health Systems\/Member of European Reference Network (ERN)-ReCONNET, Hospital Cl\u00ednic","place":["Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Hereu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Inflammation and Infection Section, Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"P. 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