{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:05:24Z","timestamp":1781071524614,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) remains a leading cause of mortality in colorectal cancer. The metastatic liver site is characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment enriched with inhibitory immune cells and cytokines, contributing to a poorly inflamed, \u201ccold\u201d tumor phenotype. The progression of CRLM is driven by aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling pathways and a dysfunctional immune landscape, marked by T cell exhaustion and the expansion of immunosuppressive cell populations. This review summarizes the epidemiological characteristics of CRLM and discusses the mechanisms underlying its immunosuppressive microenvironment. 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