{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:05:37Z","timestamp":1784099137415,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) is a type-2 inflammatory endotype characterised by tissue eosinophilia and mucosal remodelling. \u03b3\u03b4 T cells are tissue-resident lymphocytes involved in barrier immunity, yet their subset composition and relationship to inflammatory remodelling in eCRSwNP remain incompletely defined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n \u03b3\u03b4 T cell subsets were analysed in nasal mucosa and polyp tissue from patients with eCRSwNP (n=21) and control subjects (n=10). Mononuclear cells isolated from nasal polyps and middle turbinate mucosa were examined by flow cytometry to quantify V\u03b41\n +<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , V\u03b41\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and V\u03b41\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n subsets. Targeted transcriptional analyses using RT-qPCR assessed expression of TRDV1, TRDV2 and type-2 inflammatory markers. Clinical indices included symptom scores, radiologic disease severity and histological eosinophilia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n eCRSwNP was associated with marked numerical and compositional remodelling of mucosal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Diseased tissue showed expansion of V\u03b41\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and V\u03b41\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n subsets, whereas V\u03b41\n +<\/jats:sup>\n V\u03b42\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n cell numbers remained stable but declined proportionally within the expanding \u03b3\u03b4 compartment. These shifts followed a gradient from healthy mucosa to non-lesional tissue and nasal polyps and correlated with increasing disease severity, tissue eosinophilia and tissue-level type-2 inflammatory signatures.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Progressive \u03b3\u03b4 T cell remodeling across the sinonasal mucosa in eCRSwNP is associated with type-2 inflammatory activity, tissue eosinophilia and disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1857421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:10:40Z","timestamp":1784095840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Progressive \u03b3\u03b4 T cell remodelling is associated with type-2 inflammation in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Stjepan Grga","family":"Milankovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek","place":["Osijek, Croatia"]},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek","place":["Osijek, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"\u0160tefani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek","place":["Osijek, Croatia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Mihalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek","place":["Osijek, Croatia"]},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Josip 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