{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:05:15Z","timestamp":1780380315776,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the overall efficacy of treatment for metastatic CRC (mCRC) remains unsatisfactory. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown good therapeutic effects in some patients, but the overall response rate remains low. Physical ablation (PA) is a localized treatment modality that, in addition to eradicating targeted lesions, promotes anti-tumor immunity by releasing tumor-associated antigens from damaged tumor cells. ICIs enhance this PA-elicited anti-tumor immune response by inhibiting immunosuppressive pathways and unleashing T-cell activity, resulting in a synergistic anti-tumor effect. This article reviews the latest research on the treatment of mCRC with PA (mainly including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation) combined with ICIs, focusing on how PA combined with ICIs can reshape the tumor immune microenvironment to produce a synergistic anti-tumor immune response. Finally, this article also discusses the challenges currently faced by the combined treatment and looks forward to future research directions, aiming to provide a new treatment strategy to improve the clinical prognosis of mCRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1859114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:41:20Z","timestamp":1780378880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic immunomodulation: integrating physical ablation with immune checkpoint inhibitors for metastatic colorectal carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xuebing","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Treatment Center, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Tongling Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Changzhou, Jiangsu, China"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University","place":["Changzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Treatment Center, Tongling People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]},{"name":"Tongling Academy of Medical Sciences","place":["Tongling, Anhui, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2024.01.006","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312771","article-title":"Qualitative transcriptional signature for predicting the pathological response of colorectal cancer to FOLFIRI therapy","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13291-6","article-title":"Impact of pure desmoplastic histological growth patterns in colorectal liver metastasis","volume":"24","author":"Takasu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-0193","article-title":"Cross-talk between myeloid and B cells shapes the distinct microenvironments of primary and secondary liver cancer","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-024-03614-z","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled clinical trial protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation compared with radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001398","article-title":"Laparoscopic hepatectomy versus microwave ablation for multifocal 3-5 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-centre, real-world study","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1900926","article-title":"US-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) of abdominal tumors: outcome, early ablation-related laboratory changes and inflammatory reaction. 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