{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:54:37Z","timestamp":1781499277615,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a severe, autoantibody-mediated neuroinflammatory syndrome that disproportionately impacts children. Detection of conformation-specific anti-MOG IgG1 in the serum is central to MOGAD diagnosis, yet the pathogenic role of these antibodies remains unclear. We sought to develop a clinically informed model of pediatric MOGAD to study the immunopathogenesis that recapitulates 1) early age of disease onset, 2) anti-MOG IgG1 in serum, and 3) widespread inflammation in the CNS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We employed two approaches to model MOGAD using anti-MOG IgG in mice: 1) treating young C57BL\/6 mice with the murine-derived monoclonal MOG antibody 8-18C5, and 2) using young IgH\n                      <jats:sup>MOG<\/jats:sup>\n                      transgenic (Tg) mice, engineered to express the immunoglobulin heavy chain of 8-18C5. These mice were induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by immunizing with MOG\n                      <jats:sub>35\u201355<\/jats:sub>\n                      to elicit inflammatory demyelination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both exogenous and endogenous anti-MOG IgG exacerbated EAE disease in young mice. Compared to wild-type littermates (+\/+), young IgH\n                      <jats:sup>MOG<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tg mice (Tg\/+) exhibited reduced peripheral immune cells and greater neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios. Tg\/+ mice also had increased CNS leukocyte infiltration compared to wild-type littermates. Tg\/+ mice developed monophasic circumferential longitudinal myelitis, bilateral optic neuritis, and multifocal brain inflammation. Innate immune cells in the CNS, including microglia, showed significant downregulation of surface Fc\u03b3RII\/III. This downregulation on microglia was accompanied by enhanced uptake of cells expressing MOG, suggesting Fc receptor-mediated internalization of MOG immune complexes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Introduction of anti-MOG IgG in EAE recapitulates key aspects of pediatric MOGAD and enables dissection of the mechanisms underlying anti-MOG antibody-mediated immunopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:25:58Z","timestamp":1781497558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-MOG IgG in EAE models clinical aspects of pediatric MOGAD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yike","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefany Y.","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliot YH.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Troutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Lumbreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon T.","family":"DiPalma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Van Mater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari L.","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00218-0","article-title":"Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"20","author":"Marignier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12861-9","article-title":"MOG antibody-associated disease epidemiology in Olmsted County, USA, and Martinique","volume":"272","author":"Cacciaguerra","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578781","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Practical recommendations for diagnosis and management","volume":"410","author":"Sechi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1814","article-title":"Association of MOG-IgG serostatus with relapse after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and proposed diagnostic criteria for MOG-IgG-associated disorders","volume":"75","author":"L\u00f3pez-Chiriboga","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00431-8","article-title":"Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria","volume":"22","author":"Banwell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1260358","article-title":"Epidemiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: a review of prevalence and incidence worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Hor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30488-0","article-title":"Associations of paediatric demyelinating and encephalitic syndromes with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a multicentre observational study","volume":"19","author":"Armangue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANEUROL.2019.2940","article-title":"Serial anti\u2013myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes","volume":"77","author":"Waters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845112","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults","volume":"26","author":"de Mol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25909","article-title":"Clinical features and risk of relapse in children and adults with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease","volume":"89","author":"Cobo-Calvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.885218","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): A review of clinical and MRI features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"13","author":"Sechi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004312","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of MOG antibodies in children with an acquired demyelinating syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Hennes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300648120","article-title":"Dissection of complement and Fc-receptor-mediated pathomechanisms of autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"120","author":"Mader","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165373","article-title":"MOGAD patient autoantibodies induce complement, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"8","author":"Yandamuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(84)90064-X","article-title":"A novel myelin-associated glycoprotein defined by a mouse monoclonal antibody","volume":"6","author":"Linnington","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.169","article-title":"B lymphocytes producing demyelinating autoantibodies: Development and function in gene-targeted transgenic mice","volume":"188","author":"Litzenburger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Augmentation of demyelination in rat acute allergic encephalomyelitis by circulating mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against a myelin\/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein","volume":"130","author":"Linington","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28334","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T and B cells cooperate to induce a Devic-like disease in mice","volume":"116","author":"Bettelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28330","article-title":"Spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis in a double-transgenic mouse model of autoimmune T cell\/B cell cooperation","volume":"116","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200275","article-title":"MOG CNS autoimmunity and MOGAD","volume":"11","author":"Moseley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200141","article-title":"Modeling MOG antibody-associated disorder and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in animal models: Visual system manifestations","volume":"10","author":"Remlinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001134","article-title":"Antineonatal Fc receptor antibody treatment ameliorates MOG-IgG-associated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Remlinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/IMM.12644","article-title":"Ageing and recurrent episodes of neuroinflammation promote progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice","volume":"149","author":"Peferoen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/EJI.201343338","article-title":"Developmental maturation of innate immune cell function correlates with susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"43","author":"Hertzenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01926233211046933","article-title":"Comparative milestones in rodent and human postnatal central nervous system development","volume":"49","author":"Zeiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNEUROBIO.2013.04.001","article-title":"Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species","author":"Semple","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4421","article-title":"An interferon-beta-resistant and NLRP3 inflammasome-independent subtype of EAE with neuronal damage","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.004","article-title":"Dectin-1 limits autoimmune neuroinflammation and promotes myeloid cell-astrocyte crosstalk via Card9-independent expression of Oncostatin M","volume":"54","author":"Deerhake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.1.169","article-title":"Antigen receptor-mediated protein tyrosine kinase activity is regulated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein","volume":"149","author":"Melamed","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3350-3358.2004","article-title":"Suppression of serum antibody responses by pertussis toxin after respiratory tract colonization by Bordetella pertussis and identification of an immunodominant lipoprotein","volume":"72","author":"Carbonetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/ICB.1997.2","article-title":"Pertussis toxin pretreatment alters the in vivo cell division behaviour and survival of B lymphocytes after intravenous transfer","volume":"75","author":"Lyons","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfab101","article-title":"Validation of a flow cytometry live cell-based assay to detect myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies for clinical diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Lab Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNEUROIM.2025.578760","article-title":"Live MOG-IgG cell-based assay: Comparison across flow cytometers and diagnostic validation on high-sensitivity full spectrum flow cytometry","volume":"409","author":"Siwan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in neurological disease","volume":"15","author":"Reindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab105","article-title":"Features of MOG required for recognition by patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders","volume":"144","author":"MacRini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.05.002","article-title":"Comparison of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in adults","volume":"101","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12343","article-title":"Fc\u03b3 receptor pathways during active and passive immunization","volume":"268","author":"Bournazos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/JEM.187.2.161","article-title":"Functional separation of pseudopod extension and particle internalization during Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis","volume":"187","author":"Lowry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00958","article-title":"Potential of murine IgG1 and human IgG4 to inhibit the classical complement and Fc\u03b3 receptor activation pathways","volume":"9","author":"Lilienthal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301296","article-title":"Distinction and temporal stability of conformational epitopes on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein recognized by patients with different inflammatory central nervous system diseases","volume":"191","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1255","article-title":"Demyelinating myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific autoantibody response is focused on one dominant conformational epitope region in rodents","volume":"181","author":"Breithaupt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00401-016-1631-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality","volume":"133","author":"Lassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.1300822","article-title":"The role of CD8+ T cells and their local interaction with CD4+ T cells in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"191","author":"Leuenberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.1102186","article-title":"A transgenic model of central nervous system autoimmunity mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T and B cells","volume":"188","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2015.00604","article-title":"Involvement of CD8(+) T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Salou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWY151","article-title":"The compartmentalized inflammatory response in the multiple sclerosis brain is composed of tissue-resident CD8+ T lymphocytes and B cells","volume":"141","author":"MaChado-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02132-y","article-title":"The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody","volume":"139","author":"H\u00f6ftberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWAA102","article-title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: an immunopathological study","volume":"143","author":"Takai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS26083606","article-title":"CD4-positive T-cell responses to MOG peptides in MOG antibody-associated disease","volume":"26","author":"Ono","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1530977","article-title":"Translational insights from EAE models: decoding MOGAD pathogenesis and therapeutic innovation","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207478","article-title":"Timing and predictors of T2-lesion resolution in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease","volume":"101","author":"Cacciaguerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49259-0","article-title":"Myelin-reactive B cells exacerbate the severity of CD4+ T cell-driven CNS autoimmunity in an IL-23-dependent manner","volume":"15","author":"Fazazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00470","article-title":"Meningeal infiltration of the spinal cord by non-classically activated B cells is associated with chronic disease course in a spontaneous B cell-dependent model of CNS autoimmune disease","volume":"6","author":"Dang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100913","article-title":"Humoral signatures of MOG-antibody-associated disease track with age and disease activity","volume":"4","author":"Spatola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.ADW0358","article-title":"Immune signatures link myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease to other autoantibody-mediated conditions","volume":"17","author":"Schmid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860892\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T04:26:00Z","timestamp":1781497560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860892\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1860892","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"article-number":"1860892"}}