{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:04:38Z","timestamp":1784610278746,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    An earlier publication suggested that elevated TGF-\u03b21 together with IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 drives neutrophilic asthma, increases cancer risk, and is associated with metabolic dysregulation. This article examines how these cytokines shape the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of GLP-1 RAs compared with metformin. Integrating published data, stronger suppression of\n                    <jats:italic>circulating<\/jats:italic>\n                    IL-6 likely contributes to the superior efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in lowering blood glucose, improving insulin sensitivity in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), reducing cardiovascular risk, and reducing osteoarthritis-related perioperative infections, but not to their superior weight-loss effects. Superior weight loss, which is IL-6 independent, further enhances the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in improving metabolic dysfunction\u2013associated steatohepatitis (MASH), PCOS, and survival in cancer patients. Systemic IL-6 suppression may also explain the higher frequency of allergic adverse effects with GLP-1 RAs, whereas local interference with IL-6 signaling in the gastrointestinal tract, shared by both agents, likely accounts for frequent gastrointestinal adverse events reported with both. Although metformin may be more effective in improving asthma outcomes in the general asthma population, GLP-1 RAs are likely to be more effective in neutrophilic asthma. Metformin also reduces osteoarthritis-related joint pain, consistent with the limited efficacy of IL-6R inhibition in reducing this pain. Finally, the lack of effect of IL-6 pathway inhibitors on cancer incidence may explain the similar efficacy of GLP-1 RAs and metformin in reducing the risk of most cancers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:20:26Z","timestamp":1784607626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The central role of IL-6 in the differential effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists and metformin across multiple health conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zeev","family":"Elkoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired","place":["Kfar Saba, Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025","article-title":"The expanding role of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions","volume":"86","author":"Moiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.24314","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with and without diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"FDA News Release\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Wegovy (Semaglutide) Injection. U.s. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Prescribing Information\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2413258","article-title":"Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis","volume":"392","author":"Sanyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"FDA News and Events for Human Drugs\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202309-836OC","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and asthma exacerbations: which patients benefit most","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03175-x","article-title":"The real-world impact of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on asthma control in people with high-risk asthma and obesity","volume":"42","author":"Kaplan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.12.553","article-title":"Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and asthma exacerbations in non-diabetic patients with obesity: cohort study","volume":"157","author":"Patel","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1371753","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 levels and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway reactivity regulate the link between allergic diseases, cancer risk, and metabolic dysregulations","volume":"15","author":"Elkoshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16366","article-title":"The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on circulating inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4413-25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04675-x","article-title":"Repurposing of semaglutide by targeting SIRT1 and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling in hepatic fibrosis","volume":"339","author":"Hawary","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-023-2776-8","article-title":"Liraglutide suppresses myocardial fibrosis progression by inhibiting the Smad signaling pathway","volume":"43","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1551136","article-title":"GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonism ameliorates kidney allograft fibrosis by improving lipid metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51648-1","article-title":"Empagliflozin and dulaglutide are effective against obesity-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and fibrosis in a murine model","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03223-6","article-title":"Liraglutide inhibits the development of colorectal cancer by regulating TGF-\u03b2\/Smad3 signaling pathway and affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.03.004","article-title":"The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide attenuates renal fibrosis","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662114","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species from NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase to limit induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and boosts interleukin-10 (IL-10) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages","volume":"290","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97441-x","article-title":"Metformin selectively dampens the acute inflammatory response through an AMPK-dependent mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Postler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000201938.78044.75","article-title":"Metformin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-kappaB in human vascular wall cells","volume":"26","author":"Isoda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2011.e10","article-title":"The effect of metformin on the expression of GPR109A, NF-\u03baB and IL-1\u03b2 in peripheral blood leukocytes from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.577908","article-title":"Metformin suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages via activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) induction","volume":"289","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01126.x","article-title":"Metformin inhibits HMGB1 release in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and increases survival rate of endotoxaemic mice","volume":"162","author":"Tsoyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0470-4","article-title":"Metformin inhibits IL-6 signaling by decreasing IL-6R expression on multiple myeloma cells","volume":"33","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020985303","article-title":"Effect of metformin on circulating levels of inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"55","author":"Karbalaee-Hasani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28597","article-title":"Metformin is a novel suppressor for transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21695","article-title":"Metformin prevents peritendinous fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S275898","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: associations and therapeutic implications","volume":"13","author":"Wondmkun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.12.013","article-title":"Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders","volume":"55","author":"Rohm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3659","article-title":"Postprandial macrophage-derived IL-1\u03b2 stimulates insulin, and both synergistically promote glucose disposal and inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Dror","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v75.6.1305.1305","article-title":"Interleukin-1 induces interleukin-6 production in peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"75","author":"Tosato","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2992","article-title":"Treatment with anakinra improves disposition index but not insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"96","author":"van Asseldonk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12357","article-title":"The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra improves first-phase insulin secretion and insulinogenic index in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"16","author":"van Poppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065213","article-title":"Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"356","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01637.x","article-title":"Effect of anti-IL-1\u03b2 antibody (canakinumab) on insulin secretion rates in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Rissanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4989","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6","volume":"8","author":"Rose-John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.782","article-title":"The soluble interleukin 6 receptor: advanced therapeutic options in inflammation","volume":"102","author":"Rose-John","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00856-y","article-title":"Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling: past, present and future prospects","volume":"23","author":"Rose-John","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.05.011","article-title":"The response of circulating levels of the interleukin-6\/interleukin-6 receptor complex to exercise in young men","volume":"47","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-008-0019-3","article-title":"Response of plasma IL-6 and its soluble receptors during submaximal exercise to fatigue in sedentary middle-aged men","volume":"13","author":"Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0023-3","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on chronic inflammation in obesity: current evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2002","article-title":"Ocular anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic retinopathy: the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Sim\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2016.5792","article-title":"Lifestyle and behavioral management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052734","article-title":"The role of chronic inflammation in polycystic ovarian syndrome-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Aboeldalyl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103155","article-title":"Role of IL-6 signalling in polycystic ovarian syndrome associated inflammation","volume":"141","author":"Borthakur","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.11.036","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"95","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B48","article-title":"Association between IL-6 and related risk factors of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in young rats","volume":"8","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030186","article-title":"The role of inflammatory markers in linking metabolic syndrome to cognitive decline in middle-aged women: a focus on TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6","volume":"15","author":"Mruczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176290","article-title":"Effects of IL-6 signaling pathway inhibition on weight and BMI: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Patsalos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052810","article-title":"Interleukin-6: an under-appreciated inducer of thermogenic adipocyte differentiation","volume":"25","author":"Radv\u00e1nyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"Rapid beneficial effect of the IL-6 receptor blockade on insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014328","article-title":"Effects of inhibition of interleukin-6 signalling on insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein (a) levels in human subjects with rheumatoid diseases","volume":"5","author":"Schultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196368","article-title":"Effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and tocilizumab on the glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Otsuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S302679","article-title":"Improvement of HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis treated with bDMARDs","volume":"13","author":"Lurati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.04.013","article-title":"Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad3 signaling","volume":"14","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0432","article-title":"A smad signaling network regulates islet cell proliferation","volume":"63","author":"El-Gohary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51857","article-title":"Smad3 deficiency promotes beta cell proliferation and function in db\/db mice via restoring Pax6 expression","volume":"11","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030373","article-title":"Role of TGF-beta signaling in beta cell proliferation and function in diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719113485294","article-title":"The role of TGF-\u03b2 in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Raja-Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.hyp.30.1.134","article-title":"Increased transforming growth factor-beta production and gene expression by peripheral blood monocytes of hypertensive patients","volume":"30","author":"Porreca","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3159283","article-title":"Arterial hypertension and interleukins: potential therapeutic target or future diagnostic marker","volume":"2019","author":"Tanase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101698","article-title":"LSECs promote MASH progression via IL-1R1-mediated chemokine production induced by macrophage-derived IL-1\u03b2","volume":"20","author":"Fukumoto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13110960","article-title":"Combined insults of a MASH diet and alcohol binges activate intercellular communication and neutrophil recruitment via the NLRP3-IL-1\u03b2 axis in the liver","volume":"13","author":"Babuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2021-0209","article-title":"Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver","volume":"402","author":"Ehlting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Physiology, acute phase reactants. [Updated 2023 Apr 24","volume-title":"In: Statpearls [Internet]","author":"Gulhar","year":"2025"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1865-y","article-title":"Interleukin-6-deficient mice develop hepatic inflammation and systemic insulin resistance","volume":"53","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.06.011","article-title":"Interleukin-6 signaling in liver-parenchymal cells suppresses hepatic inflammation and improves systemic insulin action","volume":"12","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1580-8","article-title":"Human IL6 enhances leptin action in mice","volume":"53","author":"Sadagurski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.905936","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor blockade can increase the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: indications from Mendelian randomization","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1166","article-title":"Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007929","article-title":"IL-6 deficiency attenuates murine diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"4","author":"Mas","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.75","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling enhances hepatic steatosis but improves liver injury in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed mice","volume":"90","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.2","article-title":"Blockade of IL-6 signaling exacerbates liver injury and suppresses antiapoptotic gene expression in methionine choline-deficient diet-fed db\/db mice","volume":"91","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1611637","article-title":"Antagonizing IL-6 receptor restores pancreatic tissue resident NK cells activation and ameliorates pancreatic injury in the mouse model of MASH","volume":"16","author":"Amer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2021.104733","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 signaling can worsen NAFLD with liver fibrosis backdrop","volume":"124","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-011-0121-7","article-title":"Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409381200","article-title":"SMAD and p38 MAPK signaling pathways independently regulate alpha1(I) collagen gene expression in unstimulated and transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated hepatic stellate cells","volume":"280","author":"Tsukada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00535.x","article-title":"Liver fibrogenesis due to cholestasis is associated with increased Smad7 expression and Smad3 signaling","volume":"10","author":"Seyhan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.10.014","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 contributes to the hepatic inflammation in animal models with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Smad3\/TLR2 signaling pathway","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207137","article-title":"Neutrophilic asthma-from mechanisms to new perspectives of therapy","volume":"14","author":"Iwaszko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2022.14.1.1","article-title":"Discovering biomarkers of neutrophilic asthma: a clinician's perspective","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016","article-title":"The basic immunology of asthma","volume":"184","author":"Hammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102288","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02288-2021","article-title":"T2-high asthma phenotypes across lifespan","volume":"60","author":"Maison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1610","article-title":"The differentiation of human T(H)-17 cells requires transforming growth factor-beta and induction of the nuclear receptor RORgammat","volume":"9","author":"Manel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaw2262","article-title":"TH17 cells require ongoing classic IL-6 receptor signaling to retain transcriptional and functional identity","volume":"5","author":"Harbour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020169","article-title":"Asthma and obesity: two diseases on the rise and bridged by inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Bantul\u00e0","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24959","article-title":"Caspase 1-independent activation of interleukin-1beta in neutrophil-predominant inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Guma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179208","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Molnar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410795","article-title":"Targeting p21-positive senescent chondrocytes via IL-6R\/JAK2 inhibition to alleviate osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.02.006","article-title":"Importance of IL-6 trans-signaling and high autocrine IL-6 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocyte metabolism","volume":"32","author":"Eitner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.22.13625","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-6 and its soluble receptor induce TIMP-1 expression in synoviocytes and chondrocytes, and block IL-1-induced collagenolytic activity","volume":"273","author":"Silacci","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.09.011","article-title":"Male IL-6 gene knock out mice developed more advanced osteoarthritis upon aging","volume":"13","author":"de Hooge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209757","article-title":"Systemic inhibition of IL-6\/Stat3 signalling protects against experimental osteoarthritis","volume":"76","author":"Latourte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30451","article-title":"Interleukin-6 plays an essential role in hypoxia-inducible factor 2\u03b1-induced experimental osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in mice","volume":"63","author":"Ryu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M706387200","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and\/or soluble IL-6 receptor down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes requires a decrease of Sp1.Sp3 ratio and of the binding activity of both factors to the COL2A1 promoter","volume":"283","author":"Por\u00e9e","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.08.016","article-title":"Circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 are associated with knee radiographic osteoarthritis and knee cartilage loss in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Stannus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X211006959","article-title":"Promising targets for therapy of osteoarthritis: a review on the Wnt and TGF-\u03b2 signalling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Cherifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 1 stimulates articular chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and induces osteophyte formation in the murine knee joint","volume":"71","author":"van Beuningen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1999.0267","article-title":"Osteoarthritis-like changes in the murine knee joint resulting from intra-articular transforming growth factor-beta injections","volume":"8","author":"van Beuningen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"B101","article-title":"Differential effect of transforming growth factor beta on freshly isolated and cultured articular chondrocytes","volume":"19","author":"van der Kraan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010017","article-title":"The IL-1 family and its role in atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.01.17","article-title":"Association between IL-1beta and cardiovascular disease risk in patients with newly diagnosed, drug-na\u00efve type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Joung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S0735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.047","article-title":"Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: 2025 ACC scientific statement: a report of the American College of Cardiology","author":"Mensah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.818890","article-title":"The role of interleukin-6 family members in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00520-1","article-title":"IL-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"397","author":"Ridker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.05.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interleukin-6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high risk of atherosclerotic events in Japan (RESCUE-2): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"82","author":"Wada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2018.09.004","article-title":"TGF\u03b2, smooth muscle cells and coronary artery disease: a review","volume":"53","author":"Low","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0102-3","article-title":"Endothelial TGF-\u03b2 signalling drives vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-007-0689-5","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta receptor antagonism attenuates myocardial fibrosis in mice with cardiac-restricted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"103","author":"Sakata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.158030","article-title":"SM16, an orally active TGF-beta type I receptor inhibitor prevents myofibroblast induction and vascular fibrosis in the rat carotid injury model","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.08.008","article-title":"Attenuated development of cardiac fibrosis in left ventricular pressure overload by SM16, an orally active inhibitor of ALK5","volume":"76","author":"Engebretsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27357","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21-PML SUMOylation-peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) form a positive feedback loop to regulate cardiac fibrosis","volume":"234","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.02.012","article-title":"Left ventricular deformation and myocardial fibrosis in patients with advanced heart failure requiring transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Cameli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000438","article-title":"Myocardial fibrosis as a key determinant of left ventricular remodeling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic study","volume":"6","author":"Masci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47100800","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 is associated with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"47","author":"Rakoczy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.10.011","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice","volume":"14","author":"Tu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.015","article-title":"Cell-type-specific responses to interleukin-1 control microbial invasion and tumor-elicited inflammation in colorectal cancer","volume":"50","author":"Dmitrieva-Posocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32247-X","article-title":"Effect of interleukin-1\u03b2 inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0123-y","article-title":"Diverging inflammasome signals in tumorigenesis and potential targeting","volume":"19","author":"Karki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111453","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 mediates chronic intestinal inflammation by promoting the accumulation of IL-17A secreting innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) Th17 cells","volume":"209","author":"Coccia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1479505","article-title":"The role of interleukin-17 in inflammation-related cancers","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2907","article-title":"Clinical impact of different classes of infiltrating T cytotoxic and helper cells (Th1, th2, treg, th17) in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"71","author":"Tosolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11465","article-title":"Adenoma-linked barrier defects and microbial products drive IL-23\/IL-17-mediated tumour growth","volume":"491","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.821598","article-title":"Cancer and autoimmune diseases: a tale of two immunological opposites","volume":"13","author":"Elkoshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19520","article-title":"Are interleukin 17 and interleukin 23 inhibitors associated with Malignancies?-Insights from an international population-based study","volume":"38","author":"Kridin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.02.005","article-title":"IL-17RA signaling provides dual tumor-suppressor function during late-stage colorectal carcinogenesis","volume":"58","author":"Denk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00980","article-title":"Canakinumab versus placebo in combination with first-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results from the CANOPY-1 trial","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107451","article-title":"Canakinumab in combination with docetaxel compared with docetaxel alone for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer following platinum-based doublet chemotherapy and immunotherapy (CANOPY-2): a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"189","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.00910","article-title":"Canakinumab as adjuvant therapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer: results from the CANOPY-A double-blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Garon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060914","article-title":"Interleukin-6 mediates epithelial-stromal interactions and promotes gastric tumorigenesis","volume":"8","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3042","article-title":"Interleukin-6 prevents the initiation but enhances the progression of lung cancer","volume":"75","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2018.8","article-title":"Targeting the IL-6\/JAK\/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223698","article-title":"The role of IL-6 in cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis-overview and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Ra\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2291","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a therapeutic target","volume":"21","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05205-8","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-6 as a treatment approach for peritoneal carcinomatosis","volume":"22","author":"Dadgar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-4722.2020.58","article-title":"Targeting the JAK\/STAT pathway in solid tumors","volume":"6","author":"Qureshy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cancer Metastasis Treat"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092866","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in monotherapy, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (the STREAM study): evidence of safety and efficacy in a 5-year extension study","volume":"68","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1524-0","article-title":"Incidence of Malignancies in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab in comparison to those in an observational cohort of Japanese patients and a Japanese population database [abstract","volume":"66","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166179","article-title":"Mice with dysfunctional TGF-\u03b2 signaling develop altered intestinal microbiome and colorectal cancer resistant to 5FU","volume":"1867","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.05.010","article-title":"Loss of MMR and TGFBR2 increases the susceptibility to microbiota-dependent inflammation-associated colon cancer","volume":"14","author":"Tosti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13053-023-00267-z","article-title":"SMAD4 variants and its genotype-phenotype correlations to juvenile polyposis syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hered Cancer Clin Pract"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.116913","article-title":"Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis","volume":"56","author":"Brosens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06878","article-title":"TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORgammat function","volume":"453","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235822","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer and its tumor microenvironment","volume":"20","author":"Itatani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153765","article-title":"SMAD4 positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are associated with better outcomes in patients receiving FOLFIRINOX-based neoadjuvant therapy","volume":"15","author":"Racu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1467","article-title":"Inactivation of SMAD4 tumor suppressor gene during gastric carcinoma progression","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-11-0100","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 receptor II loss promotes mammary carcinoma progression by Th17 dependent mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Novitskiy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.024","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling in immunity and cancer","volume":"50","author":"Batlle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.045","article-title":"Sputum transcriptomics reveal upregulation of IL-1 receptor family members in patients with severe asthma","volume":"141","author":"Rossios","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.08.031","article-title":"Investigation of the relationship between IL-6 and type 2 biomarkers in patients with severe asthma","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1678","article-title":"Efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists on weight loss, BMI, and waist circumference for patients with obesity or overweight: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 47 randomized controlled trials","volume":"48","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.923606","article-title":"GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors for insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70256","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve MASH and liver fibrosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Mantovani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241297157","article-title":"The impact of contemporary glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on the onset, severity, and conversion to arthroplasty in hip and knee osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Porto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.08.027","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects and tolerability of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 99,599 patients","volume":"86","author":"Galli","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.5573","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and colorectal cancer risk in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes, with and without overweight\/obesity","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI194743","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer: Current clinical evidence and translational opportunities for preclinical research","volume":"135","author":"Valencia-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107401","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"208","author":"Figlioli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.4852","article-title":"GLP-1RA use and thyroid cancer risk","volume":"151","author":"Brito","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-0154","article-title":"Risk of thyroid tumors with GLP-1 receptor agonists: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Morales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.2681","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer risk in adults with obesity","volume":"11","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.195484","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonism improves lung cancer outcomes and tumor growth control","volume":"10","author":"Pachimatla","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2026.101734","article-title":"Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and colorectal cancer survival: A population-based cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Dosda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07357907.2025.2585512","article-title":"The influence of GLP-1 receptor agonists on five-year mortality in colon cancer patients","volume":"43","author":"Cuomo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00335-3","article-title":"Metformin: Mechanisms in human obesity and weight loss","volume":"8","author":"Yerevanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-27302013000900005","article-title":"Exenatide improves type 2 diabetes concomitant with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"B169","article-title":"Metformin improves insulin secretion and reduces insulin resistance in people at high risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Kamenova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Merit Res J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4158\/EP11072.OR","article-title":"Metformin and improvement of the hepatic insulin resistance index independent of anthropometric changes","volume":"18","author":"G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1mano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1200257","article-title":"Metformin improves peripheral but not hepatic insulin action in obese patients with type II diabetes","volume":"120","author":"Hother-Nielsen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.954997","article-title":"Metformin for overweight women at midlife: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Worsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"B173","article-title":"Insulin resistance assessment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome using different diagnostic criteria--impact of metformin treatment","volume":"20","author":"Nawrocka-Rutkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2008.21.4.339","article-title":"Use of metformin in obese adolescents with hyperinsulinemia: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Atabek","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590903215581","article-title":"Clinical, metabolic, and endocrine parameters in response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, and placebo control trial","volume":"26","author":"Fux Otta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1159\/000353760","article-title":"Systematic review of metformin use in obese nondiabetic children and adolescents","volume":"80","author":"Brufani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040186","article-title":"Metformin and the liver: Unlocking the full therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Perazza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.5982","article-title":"Antidiabetic medication and asthma attacks","volume":"185","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26704","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with decreased asthma exacerbations in adolescents and young adults","volume":"59","author":"Ararat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.07.007","article-title":"Metformin use and risk of asthma exacerbation among asthma patients with glycemic dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039785","article-title":"Association of metformin use with asthma development and adverse outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_431_2025","article-title":"Metformin use & asthma outcomes in patients with concurrent diabetes & bronchial asthma: A systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Kamrul-Hasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3471","article-title":"Metformin for knee osteoarthritis in patients with overweight or obesity: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1915-x","article-title":"Association between metformin use and disease progression in obese people with knee osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative-a prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191242","article-title":"Combination COX-2 inhibitor and metformin attenuate rate of joint replacement in osteoarthritis with diabetes: A nationwide, retrospective, matched-cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423617000287","article-title":"Does metformin protect against osteoarthritis? An electronic health record cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim Health Care Res Dev"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17519","article-title":"Protective effects of metformin in various cardiovascular diseases: Clinical evidence and AMPK-dependent mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Bu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2012.12.009","article-title":"Association of metformin use with cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae021","article-title":"Association of metformin use and cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"O'Connor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61061021","article-title":"Metformin: A dual-role player in cancer treatment and prevention: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Rangraze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2013-0111","article-title":"Metformin is associated with survival benefit in cancer patients with concurrent type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02599-4","article-title":"Efficacy of metformin therapy in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis of 22 randomised controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70000","article-title":"Comparing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists versus metformin in drug-naive patients: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"16","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026295","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and metformin on polycystic ovary syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20181304","article-title":"Efficacy of liraglutide in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.04.017","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists versus metformin in PCOS: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.05.002","article-title":"Association of novel antihyperglycemic drugs versus metformin with a decrease in asthma exacerbations","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03017-4","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of antidiabetic drugs for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.05.079","article-title":"Decreased risk of readmission and complications with preoperative GLP-1 analog use in patients undergoing primary total joint arthroplasty","volume":"39","author":"Buddhiraju","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.01535","article-title":"Metformin use is associated with fewer complications in patients with type-2 diabetes undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"103","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01202-5","article-title":"Association of metformin monotherapy or combined therapy with cardiovascular risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.21305","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and 13 obesity-associated cancers in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf703","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with cancer are associated with reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalization","volume":"111","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12932","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity","volume":"19","author":"Blundell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2025.01.021","article-title":"Mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonist-induced weight loss: a review of central and peripheral pathways in appetite and energy regulation","volume":"138","author":"Moiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3992-6","article-title":"Once-daily delayed-release metformin lowers plasma glucose and enhances fasting and postprandial GLP-1 and PYY: results from two randomised trials","volume":"59","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100778","article-title":"Novel gut-based pharmacology of metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Napolitano","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23276","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Promrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1044","article-title":"Effects of interleukin-6 receptor blockade on allergen-induced airway responses in mild asthmatics","volume":"8","author":"Revez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218547","article-title":"Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with hand osteoarthritis: double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"80","author":"Richette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01316","article-title":"Postoperative blood glucose levels predict infection after total joint arthroplasty","volume":"100","author":"Kheir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3520","article-title":"Association of obesity with survival outcomes in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Petrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21437-9","article-title":"The effect between metabolic syndrome and life expectancy after cancer diagnosis: Catalan cohort study","volume":"25","author":"L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101737","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg on C-reactive protein in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1, 2, and 3): exploratory analyses of three randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"55","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2024.100409","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of liraglutide on C-reactive protein (CRP) in adults with type 2 diabetes: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2024","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02207-0","article-title":"Contributions of elevated CRP, hyperglycaemia, and type 2 diabetes to cardiovascular risk in the general population: observational and Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"23","author":"Rolver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1347","article-title":"Effects of initiating insulin and metformin on glycemic control and inflammatory biomarkers among patients with type 2 diabetes: the LANCET randomized trial","volume":"302","author":"Pradhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2023-0708","article-title":"Can C-reactive protein be used as a surrogate marker of IL-6 in a broad array of clinical entities","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"biomark Med"},{"key":"B219","unstructured":"Semaglutide (Wegovy). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B220","unstructured":"Tirzepatide (Mounjaro). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B221","unstructured":"Dulaglutide (Trulicity). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B222","unstructured":"Liraglutide (Biocon). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B223","unstructured":"Exenatide (Byetta). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B224","unstructured":"Metformin (Glucophage). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B225","unstructured":"Siltuximab (Sylvant). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B226","unstructured":"Tocilizumab (Avtozma). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B227","unstructured":"Satralizumab (Enspryng). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B228","unstructured":"Sarilumab (Kevzara). Summary of Product Characteristics (Smpc)\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135858","article-title":"Metformin ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by suppression of the STAT3 signaling pathway and regulation of the between Th17\/Treg balance","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa056","article-title":"Metformin reduces aging-related leaky gut and improves cognitive function by beneficially modulating gut microbiome\/goblet cell\/mucin axis","volume":"75","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.762523","article-title":"Metformin downregulates PD-L1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting IL-6 signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205449","article-title":"Anti-metastatic effect of metformin via repression of interleukin 6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human colon cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897211027819","article-title":"Metformin antagonizes ovarian cancer cells Malignancy through MSLN mediated IL-6\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S526915","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of metformin and Ojeok-san in healthy volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01012-1","article-title":"IL-6 prevents Th2 cell polarization by promoting SOCS3-dependent suppression of IL-2 signaling","volume":"20","author":"Bachus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1496","article-title":"Interleukins 1beta and 6 but not transforming growth factor-beta are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells","volume":"8","author":"Acosta-Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.044","article-title":"IL-23 and IL-1\u03b2 drive human Th17 cell differentiation and metabolic reprogramming in absence of CD28 costimulation","volume":"22","author":"Revu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/381428","article-title":"The dual role of TGF\u03b2 in human cancer: from tumor suppression to cancer metastasis","volume":"2012","author":"Lebrun","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Mol Biol"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.093039","article-title":"Estrogen inhibits transforming growth factor beta signaling by promoting Smad2\/3 degradation","volume":"285","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200661","article-title":"Effect of progesterone on Smad signaling and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad-regulated genes in lung epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo","article-title":"The pattern of estradiol and progesterone differs in serum and tissue of benign and Malignant ovarian tumors","volume":"21","author":"Lindgren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-019-0358-9","article-title":"Estrogen signaling in endometrial cancer: a key oncogenic pathway with several open questions","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2024.104154","article-title":"Recommendations on the management of meningioma and sex hormone therapy: the results of a collaborative effort between neurosurgical, endocrine and gynecological societies","volume":"5","author":"Reuter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19545-z","article-title":"Association between glucose levels and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors: findings from NHANES 1999-2018","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)80476-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is the major regulator of acute phase protein synthesis in adult human hepatocytes","volume":"242","author":"Castell","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46750","article-title":"Interleukin-6 increases the expression and activity of insulin-degrading enzyme","volume":"7","author":"Kurauti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.70161","article-title":"IL-6 in the spotlight: from cardiovascular pathophysiology to therapy","volume":"56","author":"Preda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000834","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and surgical complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 million individuals","volume":"110","author":"Norris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120687","article-title":"Longterm safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cumulative analysis of up to 4.6 years of exposure","volume":"40","author":"Genovese","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02748.x","article-title":"Effect of obesity on airway inflammation: a cross-sectional analysis of body mass index and sputum cell counts","volume":"37","author":"Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.04.007","article-title":"Inborn errors of IL-6 family cytokine responses","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1795","article-title":"Differential binding of Sarilumab and Tocilizumab to IL-6R\u03b1 and effects of receptor occupancy on clinical parameters","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864104\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:20:31Z","timestamp":1784607631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864104\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":254,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"article-number":"1864104"}}