{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1781758533386,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Temperature is a key environmental factor regulating physiological, biochemical, and immunological processes in ectothermic fish such as\n                      <jats:italic>Labeo rohita<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Exposure to low-temperature conditions during winter disrupts metabolism, suppresses immunity, and induces oxidative stress, thereby compromising fish health and productivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Labeo rohita<\/jats:italic>\n                      fingerlings (initial weight: 8.35 \u00b1 0.50\u00a0g) were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with three replicates each and fed isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) and isocaloric (16.5 MJ kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      gross energy) diets supplemented with graded levels of Wolffia extract (WGE; 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0\u00a0g kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) for 75 days. The experiment was conducted in outdoor cemented tanks during the winter season (December\u2013March) under natural low-temperature conditions (18\u201322\u00a0\u00b0C).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dietary WGE significantly enhanced (P&amp;lt; 0.05) non-specific immune responses, with anti-protease activity increasing by 8.22\u201312.32%, myeloperoxidase by ~200\u2013300%, respiratory burst by 76.92%, and lysozyme by up to 146.94% compared to the control. Carcass composition improved significantly, with crude protein reaching 18.01% and lipid 4.63%. Serum glucose decreased (15.78\u201349.26%), while total protein and albumin increased. Liver function markers, including SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and CK-MB, declined significantly, indicating improved hepatic integrity and reduced physiological stress. Antioxidant status improved, with elevated SOD and CAT activities and reduced MDA levels by up to 43.97% (liver) and 46.69% (serum). Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of stress-related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.042-fold;\n                      <jats:italic>hsp90<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 0.147-fold) and upregulation of immune-related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>c3<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 5.51-fold;\n                      <jats:italic>tnf-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 3.37-fold;\n                      <jats:italic>ifn-\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 7.73-fold).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study evaluated the protective effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolffia globosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract on innate immunity, antioxidant defense, and stress- and immune-related gene expression in\n                      <jats:italic>Labeo rohita<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Dietary WGE effectively mitigated cold-induced stress by improving immune function, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic performance. Among the tested levels, 1.5\u00a0g kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      WGE provided the most balanced physiological benefits, while higher inclusion levels induced stronger immune and antioxidant responses. These findings highlight the potential of\n                      <jats:italic>Wolffia globosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a sustainable functional feed additive for enhancing fish resilience under low-temperature conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1864774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:41:19Z","timestamp":1781757679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Wolffia globosa extract enhances innate immunity, serum biochemical responses, antioxidant defense, and expression of related gene in Labeo rohita under winter thermal stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nitesh Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal)","place":["Agartala, Tripura, 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