{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:58:26Z","timestamp":1785308306138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a heterogeneous immune-mediated disorder characterized by recurrent wheals and\/or angioedema. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis, robust biomarkers for disease stratification remain lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators implicated in immune-mediated diseases and may provide novel insights into CSU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize circulating miRNA expression profiles in CSU and explore their association with clinical phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were stratified into three groups: urticaria only (n=10), urticaria with angioedema (n=10), and angioedema only (n=10), alongside healthy controls (n=10). Plasma miRNAs were sequenced using the NovaSeq 6000 platform. Data were processed with the nf-core smrnaseq pipeline, followed by multivariate and differential expression analyses in R. Functional enrichment and target prediction analyses were performed using KEGG, Reactome, and WikiPathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty patients (mean age 45.3 years; 76.7% female) were included. Overall, 61 miRNAs were differentially expressed (p &amp;lt; 0.05) across groups, including controls. No miRNAs remained significant after multiple testing correction in pairwise comparisons between clinical subgroups. However, several miRNAs (miR-204-5p, miR-3158-3p, miR-4732-3p, miR-576-5p, and miR-877-5p) showed nominal associations with disease phenotypes. miR-204-5p demonstrated a trend toward reduced expression in patients with urticaria and angioedema (adjusted p = 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Circulating miRNA profiles may reflect biological heterogeneity in CSU. Although no subgroup-specific signatures were confirmed after correction for multiple testing, several candidate miRNAs were identified, supporting further investigation of miRNA-based biomarkers in CSU.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1865847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:58:36Z","timestamp":1785304716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of miRNA in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients - pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"L\u0101sma","family":"Lapi\u0146a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology and Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Pauls Stradi\u0146\u0161 Clinical University Hospital","place":["Riga, Latvia"]},{"name":"Centre 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