{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:13:32Z","timestamp":1793643212978,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis and cognitive dysfunction, particularly Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), frequently co-occur in the elderly population, suggesting shared pathophysiological links. The emerging concept of the \u201costeoimmune-brain axis\u201d provides a framework that emphasizes the immune system as the central mediator connecting skeletal and cerebral pathology. This review explores how the osteoimmune system\u2014the dynamic interface between bone and immune interactions\u2014influences brain function through pathways including systemic inflammation, cytokine release, and bone-derived hormones. We systematically synthesize evidence from basic mechanisms to clinical studies, with a critical appraisal of the strength and directionality of the evidence. Key questions addressed include: whether the observed associations are causal or merely associative; which bone-derived factors have human validation; and whether the axis primarily operates as a unidirectional driver, a bidirectional amplifier, or an epiphenomenon of shared aging processes. This review aims to provide a balanced theoretical foundation for future research and for developing prevention strategies targeting both skeletal and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1866071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:43:48Z","timestamp":1782276228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Osteoimmuno-brain axis: a bridge connecting osteoporosis and cognitive decline and its clinical significance in dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuojia","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangshan People\u2019s Hospital","place":["Jiangshan, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-024-10181-z","article-title":"The potential link between the development of alzheimer\u2019s disease and osteoporosis","volume":"26","author":"Nasme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.842101","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine as a promising strategy for the treatment of alzheimer\u2019s disease complicated with osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06680-3","article-title":"National trends in osteoporosis medication use among medicare beneficiaries with and without alzheimer\u2019s disease\/related dementias","volume":"34","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091112","article-title":"Bone-derived factors: Regulating brain and treating alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16020213","article-title":"The bone-brain axis: Novel insights into the bidirectional crosstalk in depression and osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13102426","article-title":"New insight into bone immunity in marrow cavity and cancellous bone microenvironments and their regulation","volume":"13","author":"Pu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3390\/life15101499","article-title":"Inter-organ crosstalk in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"15","author":"Carata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000547072","article-title":"Sclerostin: A potential link between osteoporosis and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro-degenerative Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.876269","article-title":"Roles of altered macrophages and cytokines: Implications for pathological mechanisms of postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03617-x","article-title":"Photostimulation of skull bone marrow modulates neuroimmunity in sepsis-associated encephalopathy via the skull bone marrow-dura mater-brain axis","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03589-y","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived emergency monopoiesis drives brain-lung axis injury after traumatic brain injury via IL-1","volume":"22","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00851-1","article-title":"Mind gaps and bone snaps: Exploring the connection between alzheimer\u2019s disease and osteoporosis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7769003\/v1","article-title":"Experimental menopause in 3xTg-AD mice exacerbates metabolic, inflammatory, and osteologic phenotypes aligned with alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume-title":"Research Square","author":"Dennison","year":"2025"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2025.05.001","article-title":"Targeting FSH for osteoporosis, obesity, and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04463-0","article-title":"FSH blockade improves cognition in mice with alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"603","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101592","article-title":"Comorbidity of osteoporosis and alzheimer\u2019s disease: Is \u2018AKT \u2018-ing on cellular glucose uptake the missing link","volume":"76","author":"Fehsel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1530462","article-title":"Study on the correlation between abnormal bone metabolism and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-026-00954-5","article-title":"Lithium and the brain-bone axis: A bridge between osteoporosis and alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-024-01539-x","article-title":"Crosstalk between bone and the immune system","volume":"42","author":"Okamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-019-0111-3","article-title":"RANKL biology: Bone metabolism, the immune system, and beyond","volume":"40","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation Regeneration"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2023.111203","article-title":"Cytokines: The links between bone and the immune system","volume":"55","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2017889118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017889118","article-title":"Early systemic immune biomarkers predict bone regeneration after trauma","volume":"118","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1405210","article-title":"Second bone marrow transplantation into regenerating hematopoiesis enhances reconstitution of immune system","volume":"15","author":"Faltusov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00058","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: A current update of the interplay between bone and the immune system","volume":"11","author":"Guder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081064","article-title":"The role of PEDF in the eye, bone, and nervous and immune systems","volume":"17","author":"Chanpaisaeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-024-00346-4","article-title":"Ageing-related bone and immunity changes: Insights into the complex interplay between the skeleton and the immune system","volume":"12","author":"Mi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01487-1","article-title":"Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02851-9","article-title":"The role of vascular aging, bone marrow and immune system in hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120847","article-title":"Targeting chronic inflammation as a potential adjuvant therapy for osteoporosis","volume":"306","author":"Livshits","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00745-8","article-title":"Does aging activate t-cells to reduce bone mass and quality","volume":"20","author":"Aurora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3966","article-title":"Ovariectomy activates chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by memory t cells, which promotes osteoporosis in mice","volume":"35","author":"Cline-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Mineral Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.687037","article-title":"Immunoporosis: Role of innate immune cells in osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113862073262645231121025911","article-title":"Association between postmenopausal osteoporosis and IL-6\u3001TNF-\u03b1: A systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screening"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-025-00758-1","article-title":"Inflammaging and cardiovascular risk in old women","volume":"33","author":"Moscucci","year":"2026","journal-title":"High Blood Pressure Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2021.0195","article-title":"Resveratrol reverses osteogenic decline of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via upregulation of YAP expression in inflammatory environment","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866527666200505220459","article-title":"Osteocalcin: A protein hormone connecting metabolism, bone and testis function","volume":"27","author":"Toni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13864","article-title":"Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1564751","article-title":"Osteocalcin and GPR158: Linking bone and brain function","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95000-2","article-title":"Pharmacological and resting state fMRI reveal osteocalcin\u2019s effects on mouse brain regions with high Gpr37 and Gpr158 expression","volume":"15","author":"Freus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70530","article-title":"Osteocalcin ameliorates CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors by reducing mitochondrial damage in hippocampal neurons","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115322","article-title":"Osteocalcin modulates Abeta42 aggregation to aid in amyloid reduction in mouse models of alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"391","author":"Vijayan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01343-y","article-title":"Osteocalcin ameliorates cognitive dysfunctions in a mouse model of alzheimer\u2019s disease by reducing amyloid \u03b2 burden and upregulating glycolysis in neuroglia","volume":"9","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70255","article-title":"Associations of plasma and CSF osteocalcin levels with CSF ATN biomarkers and cognitive functions in alzheimer's disease","volume":"6","author":"Bu","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12954","article-title":"Lower serum osteocalcin concentrations are associated with brain microstructural changes and worse cognitive performance","volume":"84","author":"Puig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21073","article-title":"Investigation of the causal relationship between osteocalcin and dementia: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02924-w","article-title":"Causal effect of blood osteocalcin on the risk of alzheimer\u2019s disease and the mediating role of energy metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13504","article-title":"Lipocalin 2-a bone-derived anorexigenic and \u03b2-cell promoting signal: From mice to humans","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.683457","article-title":"Bone-derived modulators that regulate brain function: Emerging therapeutic targets for neurological disorders","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091279","article-title":"Unraveling the bone-brain communication network","volume":"14","author":"Hansda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101414","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases","volume":"70","author":"Dekens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251352411","article-title":"LCN2 of cerebrospinal fluid: A potential biomarker for diagnosis and disease progression in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101984","article-title":"Association between lipocalin-2 and mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based evidence","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102874","article-title":"An anti-inflammatory neuroenhancer mitigates amyloid-\u03b2 pathology to improve alzheimer\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"37","author":"Fang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.70009","article-title":"The alzheimer\u2019s disease gene SORL1 regulates lysosome function in human microglia","volume":"73","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/011570159X379926250801062557","article-title":"Protein kinases in alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pioneering insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic breakthroughs","volume":"24","author":"Lari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10040096","article-title":"Potential biological and genetic links between dementia and osteoporosis: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Ogunwale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2022.104879","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and risks of osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Gerontology Geriatrics"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04548-z","article-title":"Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117616","article-title":"Bidirectional association between cognitive impairment and bone mineral density reduction in aging populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and bone mineral content","volume":"200","author":"Nasiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-00817-1","article-title":"Osteoporosis and cognitive impairment interwoven warning signs: Community-based study on older adults-bushehr elderly health (BEH) program","volume":"15","author":"Ebrahimpur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporosis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000551383","article-title":"Multi-model analysis of the association between osteoporosis and cognition decline: From prospective cohorts","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-025-07611-0","article-title":"Association between osteoporosis and risk of dementia: A korean women nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Chun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-025-00480-7","article-title":"Osteoporosis and risk of dementia among older adults: A population-based cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afaf058","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaf058","article-title":"Association of low bone mineral density and dementia in older women: Insights from the longevity improvement and fair evidence study","volume":"54","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1185721","article-title":"Increased risk of dementia among people with a history of fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.07.013","article-title":"Hip fracture as a predictive marker for the risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Directors Assoc"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069579","article-title":"Effect of dementia on all-cause mortality in hip fracture surgery: A retrospective study on a nationwide korean cohort","volume":"13","author":"Jeong","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10547738231194098","article-title":"Impact of dementia on incidence and severity of postoperative pulmonary complications following hip fracture surgery among older patients","volume":"32","author":"Tsumura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nurs Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70094","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in elderly patients following hip fracture surgery: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"40","author":"Shih","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111596","article-title":"Systemic oxidative stress in old rats is associated with both osteoporosis and cognitive impairment","volume":"156","author":"Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Gerontology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.07.012","article-title":"Low bone mineral density with risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Med Directors Assoc"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00178","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry reveals a correlation between bone mineral density loss and reduced cortical gray matter volume in alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Takano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16040529","article-title":"Poor bone health associated with reduced cerebral perfusion and brain volume in older adults","volume":"16","author":"So","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1372583","article-title":"Association between cognitive function and body composition in older adults: Data from NHANES (1999-2002)","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2024.117067","article-title":"Cognitive function and skeletal size and mineral density at age 6-7 years: Findings from the southampton women\u2019s survey","volume":"182","author":"Moon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70503","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and the risk of dementia in patients with osteoporosis or fragility fracture: A population-based study in hong kong","volume":"21","author":"Sing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia J Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116245","article-title":"Systemic effects of abnormal bone resorption on muscle, metabolism, and cognition","volume":"154","author":"Trivedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05732-2","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of denosumab, teriparatide, and zoledronic acid among frail older adults: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Zullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1538857","article-title":"Teriparatide mitigates oxidative stress following spinal cord injury and enhances neurological recovery via the Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Moliang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112728","article-title":"Teriparatide induces angiogenesis in ischemic cerebral infarction zones of rats through AC\/PKA signaling and reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"148","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine Pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1386565","article-title":"Teriparatide: An innovative and promising strategy for protecting the blood-spinal cord barrier following spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102954","article-title":"The potential effects of phytoestrogens: The role in neuroprotection","volume":"26","author":"Gorzkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01342-6","article-title":"Atractylenolides (i, II, and III): A review of their pharmacology and pharmacokinetics","volume":"44","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Pharmacal Res"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15080973","article-title":"Health benefits and pharmacological aspects of chrysoeriol","volume":"15","author":"Aboulaghras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2128513","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of five psoralea prenylflavonoids on aging-related diseases","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040397","article-title":"Antiosteoporosis effects, pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery systems of icaritin: Advances and prospects","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12284","article-title":"Anti-aging effects of icariin and the underlying mechanisms: A mini-review","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Med (Milton (NSW))"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113955","article-title":"Epimedin b exerts neuroprotective effect against MPTP-induced mouse model of parkinson\u2019s disease: GPER as a potential target","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine Pharmacotherapie"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111559","article-title":"Luteolin and hormesis","volume":"199","author":"Calabrese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.803880","article-title":"Mogrol attenuates osteoclast formation and bone resorption by inhibiting the TRAF6\/MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in vitro and protects against osteoporosis in postmenopausal mice","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113862073312956240826053228","article-title":"Using a dual-disease target mapping network pharmacology approach, verbascoside ameliorates osteoporosis by activating estrogen signaling to alleviate oxidative stress","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screening"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2024.102773","article-title":"Neuroprotective macromolecular methylprednisolone prodrug nanomedicine prevents glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and osteoporosis in a rat model of spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology Med"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2025.2533336","article-title":"Therapeutic liposomes synergize with active molecules to enhance targeted therapy","volume":"33","author":"Partoazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Drug Targeting"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-025-00924-3","article-title":"Disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in persons with cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"23","author":"Shrestha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporosis Rep"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06009-1","article-title":"Impact of multidimensional assessment on anti-fracture treatment decisions in patients with fragility hip fractures within a fracture liaison service","volume":"25","author":"Ceolin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Geriatrics"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-024-01179-w","article-title":"How should clinicians discuss deprescribing with caregivers of older adults living with dementia? A qualitative study","volume":"42","author":"Fasth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103115","article-title":"Rehabilitation strategies for patients with femoral neck fractures in sarcopenia: A narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Avola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2025.100763","article-title":"Integrating exercise and medication management in geriatric care: a holistic strategy to enhance health outcomes and reduce polypharmacy","volume":"6","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longevity"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082704","article-title":"Nutritional supplements and neuroprotective diets and their potential clinical significance in post-stroke rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Zieli\u0144ska-Nowak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105316","article-title":"The protective effects of osteocyte-derived extracellular vesicles against Alzheimer's disease diminished with aging","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1866071\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:43:59Z","timestamp":1782276239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1866071\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1866071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1866071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"1866071"}}