{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:10:05Z","timestamp":1788952205184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, and approximately 20-30% of patients are refractory to or dependent on first-line glucocorticoid therapy. Our previous prospective phase II study demonstrated promising short-term efficacy of eltrombopag (ELT) combined with cyclosporine A (CsA); however, the durability of response, long-term safety, and patterns of treatment failure remain incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a long-term follow-up analysis of patients enrolled in a multicenter, single-arm, prospective phase II trial (ChiCTR2000040991). In the original study, adult patients with primary ITP who were resistant to or dependent on glucocorticoids were enrolled between December 2020 and December 2023. All patients had previously received ELT monotherapy without an adequate or durable response; therefore, no ELT-na\u00efve patients were included in this cohort. Patients received ELT (initial dose: 50 mg\/day) combined with CsA (3 mg\/kg\/day, target trough concentration: 150-250 \u03bcg\/L) for 8 weeks, and responders continued maintenance therapy. The follow-up period for the present analysis was extended until January 1, 2026. Safety and long-term Kaplan-Meier analyses included all 28 patients according to the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle, whereas the 8-week efficacy analysis included the 25 patients who completed 8 weeks of treatment. The three patients who discontinued within the first 8 weeks were included in the Kaplan-Meier analysis and counted as treatment-failure events at the time of discontinuation. The primary endpoints were the overall response rate (ORR) and complete response (CR) rate at 8 weeks, and the long-term sustained remission rate. Secondary endpoints included duration of response and the incidence of adverse events. Univariate logistic regression was performed as an exploratory analysis of associations between baseline variables and treatment failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 28 patients were included, with a median follow-up of 32.46 months. Of these, 17 (60.7%) had shown previous ELT non-response and 11 (39.3%) had achieved a previous response followed by relapse. Previous ELT response status was not significantly associated with treatment failure (OR, 3.810; 95% CI, 0.738-19.663;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.110). The ORR at week 8 was 92.0% (23\/25), including a CR rate of 72.0% (18\/25). The sustained remission rates at 12 and 24 months were 64.3% and 57.1%, respectively. Treatment failure occurred in 15 patients (53.6%). Adverse event (AE)-related permanent treatment discontinuation contributed to eight treatment-failure events, including two early discontinuations and six secondary relapses after discontinuation. Two patients who relapsed after discontinuation due to AEs achieved CR again after reinitiating the same regimen. AEs occurred in 24 patients (85.7%), and grade 3\u20135 AEs occurred in four patients (14.3%), including two fatal infections, corresponding to an infection-related mortality of 7.1% (2\/28). No thrombotic events were observed. In exploratory univariate logistic regression, a higher baseline bleeding score was associated with treatment failure (OR per 1-point increase, 2.102; 95% CI, 1.066-4.146;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.032); however, multivariable adjustment was not feasible because of the limited number of outcome events.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ELT plus CsA demonstrated high early response rates and durable disease control in a subset of ELT-exposed patients with glucocorticoid-resistant or -dependent ITP. AE-related treatment discontinuation was an important contributor to treatment failure, and the occurrence of two fatal infections highlights the need for careful patient selection and close infection monitoring. The re-challenge and baseline bleeding-score findings were exploratory and require validation in larger, controlled studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1867103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:15:55Z","timestamp":1788948955000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term outcomes of eltrombopag plus cyclosporine A in eltrombopag-exposed patients with glucocorticoid-resistant or -dependent primary immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, phase II study with extended follow-up"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changle","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangqi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayue","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Acornmed Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1810479","article-title":"Immune thrombocytopenia","volume":"381","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24702","article-title":"Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia adults: Clinical epidemiology, exposure to treatments, and evolution. 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