{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1791951476333,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrophages and neutrophils coordinate inflammatory and reparative immunity, and dysregulated interactions between these cells contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. While extracellular traps (ETs), formed by neutrophils and other leukocytes, are enriched in citrullinated histones and exert significant pro-inflammatory effects, it remains unclear how distinct macrophage subsets interpret and resolve ET-derived signals. Here we show that macrophage subsets consistent with pro-inflammatory (GM-CSF + LPS + IFN-\u03b3 differentiated) or inflammation-resolving (M-CSF + IL-4 differentiated) characteristics, differentially engage with neutrophil-derived ETs and that antibody binding to ETs reshapes these interactions. ETs induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both macrophage subtypes. While inflammation-resolving macrophages readily phagocytose ETs, pro-inflammatory macrophages exhibit limited uptake. Fc domain-dependent ET phagocytosis by both macrophage subsets is significantly enhanced when ETs are opsonized with an anti-citrullinated histone H2A and H4 monoclonal antibody. Opsonized ETs upregulate macrophage expression of genes encoding negative regulators of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling and reduce expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory receptors. Exposure to antibody-opsonized ETs following macrophage activation with LPS and IFN-\u03b3 attenuates the T cell-associated features of pro-inflammatory macrophages with reduced surface expression of CD80 and CD86 and decreased secretion of IL-12 and CXCL9. In inflammation-resolving macrophages antibody-opsonized ETs attenuate MAPK-dependent Toll-like receptor responses and inhibit secretion of CXCL9 and CXCL10 while enhancing IL-10 secretion. Together, these findings describe the pro-inflammatory impact of neutrophil-derived ET exposure on macrophages and delineate a previously unrecognized regulatory axis by which antibodies targeting ET components modulate macrophage responses across distinct subsets to attenuate their T cell-associated inflammatory and costimulatory responses, indicating relevance for therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating ET-driven inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1867666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:33:53Z","timestamp":1790656433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibody-opsonized extracellular traps modulate macrophage responses and attenuate their T cell-associated inflammatory and costimulatory 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