{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:04:24Z","timestamp":1780639464497,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder with high clinical heterogeneity. The phenotypic spectrum of anti-mGluR5 autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and the relationship between MRI findings and clinical presentations remain to be fully elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previously reported cases were systematically identified through a literature search of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus following PRISMA guidelines. Clinical data from eligible cases, including one from our center, were extracted and analyzed. Patients with a predominant encephalitic phenotype were further stratified into MRI-negative and MRI-positive groups, and statistical comparisons were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>60 patients were identified, including 40 patients with a predominant AE phenotype. Among the anti-mGluR5 AE patients, common manifestations included cognitive deficits, behavioral and mood disturbances, sleep disturbances, seizures, movement disorders and decreased level of consciousness (dLOC). Tumors occurred in 25.0% of patients, with a higher frequency in Western than Chinese patients (60.0% vs. 4.0%; p &amp;lt;0.001). Brain MRI abnormalities were observed in 52.5% patients, and no significant differences in mRS was observed between MRI-positive and MRI-negative patients. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) positivity for anti-mGluR5 antibodies was lower than serum positivity (54.8% vs. 96.8%; p &amp;lt; 0.001). Exploratory analyses suggested cognitive deficits tended to be more frequent in MRI-positive than MRI-negative patients (95.2% vs. 68.4%; p = 0.040). CSF pleocytosis was relatively more common in the MRI-positive group, while sleep disturbances, seizures, dLOC, prodromal symptoms, CSF Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) tended to occur more frequently in the MRI-negative group, though not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical features of anti-mGluR5 AE are heterogeneous. Chinese patients show lower tumor association. Serum antibody testing may be prioritized over CSF testing for diagnosis in suspected anti-mGluR5 patients. MRI abnormalities are observed in approximately half of patients and may not correlate with mRS. Cognitive deficits tend to be more frequent in MRI-positive patients; whereas several other manifestations showed trends, without reaching statistical significance. These observations may suggest hypothesis-generating patterns warranting confirmation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1867988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:37:36Z","timestamp":1780637856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical features of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis and comparison according to MRI positivity: a systematic review and analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jihong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University","place":["Changsha, Hunan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture People\u2019s Hospital, 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