{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:19:32Z","timestamp":1783059572367,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the predominant immune cell subset within the glioma tumor microenvironment (TME). This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of TAM-related TREM1 in glioma and its potential mechanism in promoting malignant progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bioinformatics analyses were employed to assess the expression pattern and prognostic value of TREM1 in glioma. Single-cell sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to determine the cellular origin and spatial distribution of TREM1. Using a co-culture model with TREM1 silenced, the potential impact of knocking down TAM-related TREM1 on suppressing malignant progression of glioma and its effect on macrophage polarization markers were evaluated through CCK-8, Transwell, wound healing assays, western blot, and flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TREM1 expression was upregulated in glioma and enriched in subtypes with higher malignant potential, indicating its role as a potential prognostic biomarker. TREM1 was closely associated with M2-type macrophages and promoted their polarization towards the M2 subtype. Knockdown of TREM1 in macrophages reduced the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities of glioma cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TREM1 serves as a TAM-related oncogenic biomarker that facilitates malignant progression and immune suppression in glioma by promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Targeting TREM1 may offer a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for glioma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1871988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:38:41Z","timestamp":1783057121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TREM1 unleashes immunosuppression in glioma: targeting macrophage polarization as a new therapeutic vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affliated Chuzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Chuzhou","place":["Chuzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First 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