{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:14:49Z","timestamp":1793146489523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokines as well as IL-1 genes are key regulators of neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), with emerging roles in synaptic plasticity and tissue repair. While genetic determinants of MS susceptibility have been extensively characterized, their contribution to neurofunctional recovery remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether functional polymorphisms in IL-1 genes influence rehabilitation outcomes in MS, providing insight into immunogenetic determinants of recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed by Allelic Real-time PCR IL-1\u03b1 rs3783521 and IL-1\u03b2 rs16944, rs1143627, and rs1143634 polymorphisms in 162 MS patients undergoing inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation without concomitant disease-modifying therapies. Disability was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Modified Barthel Index (BI) at admission and discharge. Changes in disability (\u0394EDSS, \u0394BI) were evaluated using non-parametric tests and multivariable generalized linear models adjusted for clinical covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-1\u03b2 rs1143634 was associated with MS susceptibility, with the A allele conferring increased risk. All polymorphisms significantly influenced \u0394EDSS in univariate analyses. In adjusted models, IL-1\u03b1 rs3783521 and IL-1\u03b2 rs1143634 A alleles were independently associated with greater functional improvement, whereas IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 A allele was associated with reduced recovery. IL-1\u03b2 rs1143627 showed a significant effect under a dominant model. Notably, combined carriage of IL-1\u03b1 rs3783521 A and IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 G alleles identified a subgroup with the greatest rehabilitation response. No consistent associations were observed for \u0394BI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-1\u03b1 rs3783521, IL-1\u03b2 rs16944 polymorphisms contribute to inter-individual differences in neurofunctional recovery following rehabilitation in MS. These findings support a role for neuroinflammatory genetic profiling in predicting rehabilitation outcomes and highlight immune-mediated mechanisms as modulators of CNS repair. This work provides a translational framework for integrating immunogenetics into personalized rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1872267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T04:25:41Z","timestamp":1782793541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IL-1 polymorphisms modulates functional recovery following rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Agliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology (LAMMB), IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franca Rosa","family":"Guerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology (LAMMB), IRCCS 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